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Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on the nanometer scale. The earliest and most described nanotechnology​​ refers to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for microscale product manufacturing.

Public Health. (2006). Nanotechnologies. Europa. Geraadpleegd op 2022, van https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/nanotechnologies/l-3/1-introduction.htm.

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IV AD.- Nanoparticles and structures have been used by humans in the 4th century AD by the Romans, which demonstrated one of the most interesting examples of nanotechnology in the ancient world "The Lycurgus Cup"

9th–17th centuries.- Brilliant ceramic enamels and brilliant “luster” used Ag, Cu, and other nanoparticles.

13th-18th centuries.-  Production of saber blades, cementite nanowires and carbon nanotubes were used to provide strength and strength.

16th.- Italians used nanoparticles in the creation of Renaissance ceramics.

1857.- Michael Faraday studied the preparation and properties of colloidal suspensions of “ruby” gold. Faraday demonstrated how gold nanoparticles produce solutions of different colors under certain lighting conditions.

1959.- The American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman introduced the concept of nanotechnology

1974.- Norio Taniguchi was the first to use and define the term “nanotechnology” as: “nanotechnology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule”

2 approaches are developed that describe the different possibilities for the synthesis of nanostructures. These manufacturing approaches fall into different categories: Top-down and bottom-up (grades of quality, speed, and cost)

1981.- Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented a microscope at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, the STM.

1982.- The conceptual foundation for DNA nanotechnology was first laid out by Nadrian Seeman

1983.- The group published the first STM image of the reconstructed Si(111)-7 x 7 surface.

In 1985, Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley discovered that carbon can also exist in the form of very stable spheres.

1990.- Don Eigler of IBM at Almaden STM to manipulate 35 individual xenon atoms on a nickel surface and formed the IBM logo letters. (STM was invented to expose surfaces on the atomic scale)

In 1990.- Scientists analyzed the cup using a TEM to explain the phenomenon of dichroism. The Lycurgus cup is recognized as one of the oldest synthetic nano materials.

1991.- Iijima et al. observed hollow graphitic tubes or carbon nanotubes by TEM that form another member of the fullerene family.

2000.- President  Clinton advocated for the funding of research in the field of nanotechnology.

2003.- President Bush signed into law the Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of the 21st Century.

2004.- A new class of carbon nanomaterials called carbon dots was discovered. (After the discovery of “graphene” carbon-based materials became the backbone of almost every field of science and engineering.)

2006.-Paul Rothemund developed the “scaffolded DNA origami“

2007.- J. Fraser Stoddart artificial molecular machines: pH-triggered muscle-like

2008.- Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien (Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP).

2009.- Seeman (DNA structures fold into 3D rhombohedral crystals)

2010.- IBM (Development of an ultra-fast lithography to create 3D nanoscale textured surface).

2011.- Leonhard Grill (STM) describes the electronic and mechanical properties of individual molecules and the polymer chains.

2016.- Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

2017.- Nobel Prize in Physics 2017: Gravitational waves.

2018.- World’s smallest tic-tac-toe game board made with DNA.

2018.-Shrinking objects to the nanoscale.

Baeza, A. (2019). The History of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: From Chemical–Physical Applications to Nanomedicine. NIH. Geraadpleegd op 2022, van https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6982820/

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5 journals to look for current developments in the nanotechnology fields

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5 journals to look for current developments in the nanotechnology fields

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1- Sage Journals - "Carbon nanotubes, nanorings, and nanospheres: Synthesis and fabrication via chemical vapor deposition—a review":

Carbon forms allotropic structures composed entirely of carbon but with different physical and chemical structures, such as graphite, graphene, diamond, fullerene, Carbon black, etc. Among these carbon allotropes, CNT was found to be key nanomaterials because of their superior unique properties.

Sivamaran, V., Balasubramanian, V., Gopalakrishnan, M., Viswabaskaran, V., Gourav Rao, A., & Selvamani, S. (2022). Carbon nanotubes, nanorings, and nanospheres: Synthesis and fabrication via chemical vapor deposition—a review. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, 12, 184798042210794. https://doi.org/10.1177/18479804221079495

2- Frontiers in Nanotechnology -"Plasmonic Nanostructures for Optically Induced Movement"

The main idea of the article is the following one: “The interaction of a light beam with a microscopic object can generate forces and torques, allowing manipulation even if the source of forces is at a considerable distance from the point of application”. It is then described the different effects nanotechnology could have with different properties. For example The momentum density.

Balestrieri, S., Zito, G., Coppola, G., & Iodice, M. (2022). Plasmonic Nanostructures for Optically Induced Movement. Frontiers in Nanotechnology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnano.2022.886636

3- BMC- Nanozymes-natural enzyme cascade catalyzes cholesterol consumption and reverse cancer multidrug resistance

Due to the high expression of the CD44 receptor on the surface of tumor cells, we encapsulated the chondroitin sulfate gel shell (CS-shell) with an apoptosis-promoting and CD44-targeting effect on the surface of DOX@MOF-COD nanoparticles. Which can accurately and efficiently deliver drugs to the tumor site and enhance the effect of reversing drug resistance

APA: Du, B., Zheng, M., Ma, H., Huang, J., Jiao, Q., Bai, Y., Zhao, M., & Zhou, J. (2022). Nanozyme-natural enzymes cascade catalyze cholesterol consumption and reverse cancer multidrug resistance. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01406-9

4- ScienceDirect- A bispecific nanomodulator to potentiate photothermal cancer immunotherapy:

Photothermal therapy has shown great potential in cancer treatment. However, PTT is hampered by the dynamic amplification of cell death. A bispecific nanomodulator is developed to trigger PTT. This modulator is excipient-free and self-assembled.

Zhou, L., Feng, B., Wang, H., Wang, D., & Li, Y. (2022). A bispecific nanomodulator to potentiate photothermal cancer immunotherapy. Nano Today, 44, 101466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101466

5-IOP Science- LptD-antigen System on gold nanoparticles: "An innovative strategy in the nano vaccine development"

This report describes the development of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) obtained by a one-step synthesis. The resulting compounds were fully characterized. The results showed the capacity of the peptide to reduce gold ions.

APA:Aguilera-Juárez, A., Hernández-Adame, L., Ruíz-Gómez, M. N., Monreal-Escalante, E., Reyes-Becerril, M., Rosales-Mendoza, S., Pereyra, H. G. S., & Angulo, C. (2022). LptD-antigen system on gold nanoparticles: an innovative strategy in the nanovaccine development. Nanotechnology, 33(29), 295602. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac659b

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The Nano additives are a whole category by themselves. This is because they can improve different objects in different ways. The additives are anything new added to an original recipe. For example, vitamins, antioxidants, and preservatives. This could enhance the food's flavor, how easily they are absorbed into the body, or its nutritional values.

Sardar, M. (2020). Nanoadditives - an Overview. Science Direct. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/nanoadditives#:%7E:text=Nanoadditives%20are%20added%20to%20food,to%20their%20large%20surface%20area.

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One possible application for nanotechnology is obtaining a better control over energy. This by letting us overcome the different obstacles we currently have. Which are, quoting the article of:

Nanotechnology for catalysis and solar energy conversion, are the following: "high efficiency, stability, safety, and the potential for low-cost/scalable manufacturing"

Lewis, N. (2003). Nanotechnology for catalysis and solar energy conversion. Nanotechnology, 14(2), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/14/2/001

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Nanotechnology specially stands out in the possible IT and electronics applications. For example the MRAM, or the Magnetic Random Access Memory. This invention only work by its nanometer-scale junctions. Which effectively leaves to quickly access the requested data.

National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2020). Applications of Nanotechnology | National Nanotechnology Initiative. NNI. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.nano.gov/about-nanotechnology/applications-nanotechnology

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Nanoscale refers to structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology. (Cited as 1-100 nanometers)

FUB. (2020). Nanoscale. Retrieved May 6, 2022, from https://www.nanoscale.fu-berlin.de/