# data[].attributes.body
1. May lead to excessive advantages of women

2. Feminism may discriminate men

3. Women may be preferred in case of divorce

4. Feminists may take it too far

5. Frustration among men may increase

6. Women may not be accepted in certain positions

7. Men and women are borne with different characteristics

8. Women get a certain attitude

9. More career women means fewer children

10. Bureaucratic work

11. Even some women think feminism is unnecessary

12. May not make sense from a historical perspective

13. Long-term effects still rather unclear

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
We should all be feminists | Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie | TEDxEuston

# data[].attributes.body
Feminist theory often focuses on analyzing gender inequality. Themes often explored in feminist theory include discrimination, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, patriarchy, stereotyping, art history and contemporary art, and aesthetics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Breastfeeding and feminism: A focus on reproductive health, rights and justice - International Breastfeeding Journal

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The annual Breastfeeding and Feminism Symposia aim to reposition breastfeeding as a valued part of women's (re)productive lives and rights. The symposia are designed to raise the profile of breastfeeding within the women's advocacy and feminist studies' communities, and to increase recognition among breastfeeding supporters that breastfeeding promotion could receive more socio-political support by partnering with those concerned with women's reproductive health, rights and justice, women's economic advancement, and the elimination of social, economic and health inequities.

# data[].attributes.body
Feminism influences on social work practices; how is it related?

·       Honour women rights in order to be free from oppression

·       Give chances to women to speak on behalf themselves and based on their voices

·       Take notice about what should be spoken out by women

·       Create an alternative lifestyle here and there

·       Integrate theories and practices

·       Seek the compatibility between the goals and means to achieve it

·       Map the collective solution to acknowledge the individuality and uniqueness of every woman

·       Appreciate the women contribution

·       Use the women experiences as an individual to give meaning in social realities.

# data[].attributes.body
- Almost one in three women aged 16-59 will experience domestic abuse in her lifetime

- Two women a week are killed by a current or former partner in England and Wales alone

- In the year ending March 2019, 1.6 million women experienced domestic abuse

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The facts - Refuge Charity - Domestic Violence Help

# data[].attributes.body
men make up 14.7% of social work

# data[].attributes.headline
Domestic abuse perpetrated by men against women is rooted in women’s unequal status in society and is part of the wider social problem of male violence against women and girls

# data[].attributes.subject
Domestic abuse perpetrated by men against women is rooted in women’s unequal status in society and is part of the wider social problem of male violence against women and girls

# data[].attributes.body
Domestic abuse is a gendered crime - Womens Aid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Every case of domestic abuse should be taken seriously and each individual given access to the support they need. All victims should be able to access appropriate support. Whilst both men and women may experience incidents of inter-personal violence and abuse, women are considerably more likely to experience repeated and severe forms of abuse, including sexual violence. They are also more likely to have experienced sustained physical, psychological or emotional abuse, or violence which results in injury or death.

There are important differences between male violence against women and female violence against men, namely the amount, severity and impact. Women experience higher rates of repeated victimisation and are much more likely to be seriously hurt (Walby & Towers, 2017; Walby & Allen, 2004) or killed than male victims of domestic abuse (ONS, 2020A; ONS, 2020B). Further to that, women are more likely to experience higher levels of fear and are more likely to be subjected to coercive and controlling behaviours (Dobash & Dobash, 2004; Hester, 2013; Myhill, 2015; Myhill, 2017).

Domestic abuse perpetrated by men against women is rooted in women's unequal status in society and is part of the wider social problem of male violence against women and girls. We found in our research with the University of Bristol that sexism and misogyny set the scene for male abusive partners' coercive and controlling behaviours. Sexism and misogyny serve to excuse abusive behaviour by men in intimate relationships with women and put up barriers to female survivors being believed and supported to leave abusive men (Women's Aid et al, 2021). Read the blog about this research here.

The United Nations defines gender based violence in the following way:

"The definition of discrimination includes gender based violence, that is, violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately. It includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty." ( CEDAW 1992: para. 6).

Some key statistics:

The majority of domestic homicide victims (killed by ex/partner or a family member) for the year ending March 2017 to the year ending March 2019 were female (77% or 274 victims) and most of the suspects were male (263 out of 274; 96%). Of the 83 male victims of domestic homicide, the suspect was female in 39 cases, and male in 44 cases. (ONS, 2020A)

Over the three-year period April 2016 to March 2019, a total of 222 women were killed by a partner or ex-partner. The majority of suspects were male (218, 98%). This means that during this time period, an average of three women every fortnight were murdered by their male partner or ex-partner. (ONS, 2020B)

One study of 96 cases of domestic abuse recorded by the police found that men are significantly more likely to be repeat perpetrators and significantly more likely than women to use physical violence, threats, and harassment. In a six year tracking period the majority of recorded male perpetrators (83%) had at least two incidents of recorded abuse, with many having a lot more than two and one man having 52 repeat incidents. Whereas in cases where women were recorded as the perpetrator the majority (62%) had only one incident of abuse recorded and the highest number of repeat incidents for any female perpetrator was eight. The study also found that men's violence tended to create a context of fear and control; which was not the case when women were perpetrators. (Hester, 2013)

Over 80% (83%) of high frequency victims (more than 10 crimes) are women. (From a study of data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales, a nationally representative household survey.) (Walby & Towers, 2018)

The large majority of defendants in domestic abuse-related prosecutions in the year ending March 2020 were recorded as male (92%) and the majority of the victims recorded as female (77%, compared with compared with 16% who were male). The sex of the victim was not recorded in 7% of prosecutions. If these missing data were excluded from analysis, then it would be 82% female victims and 18% male victims (ONS, 2020C).

Further information and support

If would like more information about domestic abuse go to: The Survivor's Handbook

If you or a friend need help, have a look at our support information here.

References

Dobash, R.P. and Dobash, R.E. (2004) 'Women's violence to men in intimate relationships. Working on a Puzzle', British Journal of Criminolog y, 44(3), pp. 324-349

Hester, M. (2013) 'Who Does What to Whom? Gender and Domestic Violence Perpetrators in English Police Records', European Journal of Criminology, 10: 623- 637

Myhill, A. (2015) 'Measuring coercive control: what can we learn from national population surveys?' Violence Against Women. 21(3), pp. 355-375

Myhill, A. (2017) 'Measuring domestic violence: context is everything.' Journal of Gender-Based Violenc e, vol 1, no 1, 33-44

Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2020A). Domestic abuse victim characteristics, England and Wales: year ending March 2020. Published online: ONS

Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2020B). Appendix tables: Homicide in England and Wales. Published online: ONS

Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2020C). Domestic abuse and the criminal justice system, England and Wales: November 2020 Published online: ONS

Walby, S. and Allen, J. (2004) Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault and Stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 276. London: Home Office

Walby, S. and Towers, J. (May 2017) 'Measuring violence to end violence: mainstreaming gender', Journal of Gender-Based Violence, vol. 1, no.

Walby, S. and Towers, J. (2018) 'Untangling the concept of coercive control: Theorizing domestic violent crime', Criminology & Criminal Justice, Vol 18, Issue 1, pp 7-28

Women's Aid, Hester, M., Walker, S-J., and Williamson, E. (2021) Gendered experiences of justice and domestic abuse. Evidence for policy and practice. Bristol: Women's Aid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Domestic abuse is a gendered crime - Women's Aid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Every case of domestic abuse should be taken seriously and each individual given access to the support they need. All victims should be able to access appropriate support. Whilst both men and women may experience incidents of inter-personal violence and abuse, women are considerably more likely to experience repeated and severe forms of abuse, including sexual violence.

# data[].attributes.headline
Gender equity and intersectionality - BASW England blog

# data[].attributes.subject
Gender equity and intersectionality - BASW England blog

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Human societies weren't always male-dominated. The switch came when we became farmers - and that suggests ways to roll back towards a more equal system

THE vast majority of cultures are patriarchies, where men are more likely than women to hold positions of social, economic and political power. So it is tempting to assume that this is the natural state of affairs, perhaps because men are, on average, stronger than women. But a study of humanity's roots suggests this answer is too simple.

Chimpanzees are not a proxy for our ancestors - they have been evolving since our two family trees split between 7 and 10 million years ago - but their social structures can tell us something about the conditions that male dominance thrives in. Common chimpanzee groups are manifestly patriarchal. Males are vicious towards females, they take their food, forcibly copulate with females that are ovulating and even kill them merely for spending time away from the group.

The imbalance of power between men and women is being hotly debated. But no one benefits from a patriarchal society, so how did we get here, and where should we go next?

Males also spend their lives in the group they were born into, whereas females leave at adolescence. As a result, males in a group are more closely related to each other than the females. And because relatives tend to help one another, they have an advantage.

The same is true in human societies: in places where women move to live with their husband's family, men tend to have more power and privilege. Patrilocal residence, as it is called, is associated with patriarchy, says anthropologist and primatologist Sarah Hrdy at the University of California at Davis.

For most of our history, we have been hunter-gatherers, and patrilocal residence is not the norm among modern hunter-gatherer societies. Instead, either partner may move to live with the "in-laws", or a couple may relocate away from both their families. According to Hrdy, a degree of egalitarianism is built into these systems. If they reflect what prehistoric hunter-gatherers did, women in those early societies would have had the choice of support from the group they grew up with, or the option to move away from oppression.

According to one school of thought, things changed around 12,000 years ago. With the advent of agriculture and homesteading, people began settling down. They acquired resources to defend, and power shifted to the physically stronger males. Fathers, sons, uncles and grandfathers began living near each other, property was passed down the male line, and female autonomy was eroded. As a result, the argument goes, patriarchy emerged.

This origin story is supported by a study published in 2004. Researchers at the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, studied mitochondrial DNA (inherited from mothers) and genetic markers on the Y chromosome (inherited from fathers) in 40 populations from sub-Saharan Africa. This suggested that women in hunter-gatherer populations, such as the !Kung and Hadza, were more likely to remain with their mothers after marriage than women from food-producing populations. It was the reverse for men, suggesting that agriculture is indeed correlated with patrilocal societies.

"It's tempting to assume male dominance is the natural state of human society. It isn't"

In righting things, solidarity is crucial, says Amy Parish at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. She studies bonobo societies, which are patrilocal but female-dominated. Females weigh 15 per cent less than males - similarly to humans and chimps - yet Parish says they have the upper hand because they cooperate and form alliances. She sees a parallel with feminist movements: "The goal is to behave with unrelated females as if they are your sisters."

It's not as easy as it seems (see " Why the patriarchy isn't good for men and how to fix it "). "The #MeToo movement is about female cooperation," says Hrdy, "but getting cooperation among non-kin is difficult." Competitive instincts can prevail, or events can cause cooperation to fall apart - for instance in times of war, Hrdy says. "Women start to look out for the safety of their own children and their husbands." She worries that conflict could erode gains from recent decades. "None of this stuff is certain," she says. "It's what I tell my daughters: don't take any of this that you have now for granted."

Restoring and strengthening equality will require effort on multiple fronts, she says. If patriarchy originated in sedentary social structures that formalised male ownership and inheritance, then laws that give women the right to own property in their own name, for instance, can help.

But such laws exist in many 21st century societies - so why does the patriarchy persist? Ultimately, real change will only come when societies embody the values espoused by the laws, argues Lise Eliot, a neuroscientist at the Rosalind Franklin University in Chicago: "The laws are the first step, the internalised values come later."
This article appeared in print under the headline "The Origins of the Patriarchy"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The origins of sexism: How men came to rule 12,000 years ago

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Human societies weren't always male-dominated. The switch came when we became farmers - and that suggests ways to roll back towards a more equal system THE vast majority of cultures are patriarchies, where men are more likely than women to hold positions of social, economic and political power.

# data[].attributes.body
Social Work Code of Ethics

Women's health

survivors of Human-trafficking and Modern Slavery

Socioeconomic status of women in society

Domestic Violence survivors

Asylum seekers and refugees

People in poverty or on the threshold of poverty

People of colour who experience multitudes more complications during pregnancy and labour than white women

Survivors of sexual assault

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
.

.

.

.

.

As social workers we support some the most vulnerable people in society. What happens when the human right to bodily autonomy to have an abortion is taken away from some of the most vulnerable in our communities. The fact that there is a terrifying possibility that Roe v Wade is being overturned sends a sense of dread to the pit of my stomach and I fear the repercussions it will have on:

Social Work Code of Ethics

Women's health

survivors of Human-trafficking and Modern Slavery

Socioeconomic status of women in society

Domestic Violence survivors

Asylum seekers and refugees

People in poverty or on the threshold of poverty

People of colour who experience multitudes more complications during pregnancy and labour than white women

Survivors of sexual assault

The list is not exhaustive, and I would like to know how an overturned Roe v Wade will effect you and the people you support?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
r/socialwork - What do you think the consequences of overturning Roe v Wade will have on social work?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
157 votes and 82 comments so far on Reddit

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.embed_code
What do you think the consequences of overturning Roe v Wade will have on social work? from socialwork

# data[].attributes.headline
“Domestic violence against women by men is “caused” by the misuse of power and control within a context of male privilege. Male privilege operates on an individual and societal level to maintain a situation of male dominance, where men have power over women and children. Domestic violence by men against women can be seen as a consequence of the inequalities between men and women, rooted in patriarchal traditions that encourage men to believe they are entitled to power and control over their partners.”

# data[].attributes.subject
“Domestic violence against women by men is “caused” by the misuse of power and control within a context of male privilege. Male privilege operates on an individual and societal level to maintain a situation of male dominance, where men have power over women and children. Domestic violence by men against women can be seen as a consequence of the inequalities between men and women, rooted in patriarchal traditions that encourage men to believe they are entitled to power and control over their partners.”

# data[].attributes.body
Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence - Criminal Justice - IresearchNet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence - Criminal Justice - IresearchNet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Feminism around the Globe In addition to diversity and multiculturalism within the United States, there has been a growing awareness of the rights of women around the world. Reports from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International make it clear that women and girls are victimized in various forms a…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.embed_code
Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Everyday Sexism Project exists to catalogue instances of sexism experienced on a day to day basis. They might be serious or minor, outrageously offensive or so niggling and normalised that you don't even feel able to protest. Say as much or as little as you like, use your real name or a pseudonym - it's up to you.

# data[].attributes.body
Radical Feminism

Blames the exploitation of women on men. It is primarily men who have benefitted from the subordination of women. Women are ‘an oppressed group.

Society is patriarchal – it is dominated and ruled by men – men are the ruling class, and women the subject class.

Rape, violence and pornography are methods through which men have secured and maintained their power over women. Andrea Dworkin (1981)

Radical feminists have often been actively involved in setting up and running refuges for women who are the victims of male violence.

Rosemarie Tong (1998) distinguishes between two groups of radical feminist:

Radical-libertarian feminists believe that it is both possible and desirable for gender differences to be eradicated, or at least greatly reduced, and aim for a state of androgyny in which men and women are not significantly different.

Radical-cultural feminists believe in the superiority of the feminine. According to Tong radical cultural feminists celebrate characteristics associated with femininity such as emotion, and are hostile to those characteristics associated with masculinity such as hierarchy.

The various alternatives suggested by Radical Feminists include separatism – women only communes, and Matrifocal households. Some also practise political Lesbianism and political celibacy as they view heterosexual relationships as “sleeping with the enemy.”

# data[].attributes.body
Marxist Feminism

Capitalism rather than patriarchy is the principal source of women’s oppression, and capitalists as the main beneficiaries.

Women’s subordination plays a number of important functions for capitalism:

Women reproduce the labour force for free (socialisation is done for free)

Women absorb anger – women keep the husbands going.

Because the husband has to support his wife and children, he is more dependent on his job and less likely to demand wage increases.

The traditional nuclear also performs the function of ‘ideological conditioning’ – it teaches the ideas that the Capitalist class require for their future workers to be passive.

The disadvantaged position of women is seen to be a consequence of the emergence of private property and their lack of ownership of the means of production

They are more sensitive to differences between women who belong to the ruling class and proletarian families. Marxist Feminists believe that there is considerable scope for co-operation between working class women and men and that both can work together

In Communist society, Marxist feminists believe that gender inequalities will disappear.

# data[].attributes.body
Difference Feminism/ Postmodern Feminism

Do not see women as a single homogenous group. MC/WC ,

Criticised preceding feminist theory for claiming a ‘false universality’ (white, western heterosexual, middle class)

Criticised preceding Feminists theory of being essentialist

Critiqued preceding Feminist theory as being part of the masculinist Enlightenment Project

Postmodern Feminism – concerned with language (discourses) and the relationship between power and knowledge rather than ‘politics and opportunities’

Helene Cixoux – An example of a postmodern/ destabilising theorist

# data[].attributes.body
First Wave: 1848 - 1920: coming together and organising for the vote and be included in vote

Second Wave: 1963 - 1980s. Equality and sexual health ->

​​Third Wave: 1990s - identity intersectionality

Post-modern feminisim:

Fourth Wave: Present Day #metoo movement

# data[].attributes.body
Liberal Feminism

Nobody benefits from existing inequalities: both men and women are harmed

The explanation for gender inequality lies not so much in structures and institutions of society but in its culture and values.

Socialisation into gender roles has the consequence of producing rigid, inflexible expectations of men and women

Discrimination prevents women from having equal opportunities

Liberal Feminists do not seek revolutionary changes: they want changes to take place within the existing structure.

The creation of equal opportunities is the main aim of liberal feminists – e.g. the Sex Discrimination Act and the Equal Pay Act.

Liberal feminists try to eradicate sexism from the children’s books and the media.

Liberal Feminist ideas have probably had the most impact on women’s lives – e.g. mainstreaming has taken place.

# data[].attributes.body
Criticisms of Feminist Theories

| Marxist | 1. Radical Feminists – ignores other sources of inequality such as sexual violence. 2. Patriarchal systems existed before capitalism, in tribal societies for example. 3. The experience of women has not been particularly happy under communism.
| Liberal | 1. Based upon male assumptions and norms such as individualism and competition, and encourages women to be more like men and therefor deny the ‘value of qualities traditionally associated with women such as empathy. 2. Liberalism is accused of emphasising public life at the expense of private life. 3. Radical and Marxist Feminists – it fails to take account of deeper structural inequalities 4. Difference Feminists argue it is an ethnocentric perspective – based mostly on the experiences of middle class, educated women.
| Radical | 1. The concept of patriarchy has been criticised for ignoring variations in the experience of oppression. 2. Some critics argue that it focuses too much on the negative experiences of women, failing to recognise that some women can have happy marriages for example. 3. It tends to portray women as universally good and men as universally bad, It has been accused of man hating, not trusting all men.
| Difference | Walby, women are still oppressed by objective social structures – namely Patriarchy Dividing women sub-groups weakens the movement for change.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Feminism is one of the oldest movements in global history. There's no single definition, but feminism boils down to ending gender discrimination and bringing about gender equality. Within this goal, there are many types of feminism. Instead of describing them in isolation from each other, feminism can be divided into "waves."

The wave metaphor is the most common explanation for feminism's movements, though it's not without flaws. It can oversimplify a complicated history of values, ideas, and people that are often in conflict with each other. With this simplification, one might think feminism's history is a straightforward arc. The reality is much messier. There are many sub-movements building on (and fighting with) each other. That being said, the wave metaphor is a useful starting point. It doesn't tell the whole story, but it helps outline it. There are four waves:

The first wave

The first wave in the late 19th-century was not the first appearance of feminist ideals, but it was the first real political movement for the Western world. In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft published the revolutionary Vindication of the Rights of Woman. In 1848, about 200 women met in a church. They came up with 12 resolutions asking for specific rights, such as the right to vote. Reproductive rights also became an important issue for early feminists. After years of feminist activism, Congress finally passed the 19th amendment in 1920 and gave women the vote. This was almost 30 years after New Zealand became the first country where women could vote.

First-wave feminism had a fairly simple goal: have society recognize that women are humans, not property. While the leaders of 1st-wave feminism were abolitionists, their focus was on white women's rights. This exclusion would haunt feminism for years to come.

The second wave

Second-wave feminism took place in the 1960s and '70s. It built on first-wave feminism and challenged what women's role in society should be. Inspired by the Civil Rights movement and protests against the Vietnam War, activists focused on the institutions that held women back. This meant taking a closer look at why women were oppressed. Traditional gender and family roles were questioned. Queer theory became more established. There were major victories in this era including the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Roe v. Wade in 1973, and other Supreme Court cases.

Three main types of feminism emerged: mainstream/liberal, radical, and cultural. Mainstream feminism focused on institutional reforms, which meant reducing gender discrimination, giving women access to male-dominated spaces, and promoting equality. Radical feminism wanted to reshape society entirely, saying that the system was inherently patriarchal and only an overhaul would bring liberation. It resisted the belief that men and women were basically the same. Cultural feminism had a similar view and taught that there's a "female essence" that's distinct from men.

The third wave

Thanks to the institutional victories of second-wave feminism, women enjoyed more rights and power going into the 1990s. They were able to think about other aspects of their identity, welcoming individuality and rebellion. This was an era of reclaiming. Important cultural touchstones include Eve Ensler's The Vagina Monologues, the Guerilla Girls, and punk rock riot grrls. Many women more freely expressed their sexuality in how they spoke, dressed, and acted. This sometimes bewildered 2nd-wave feminists, many of whom had resisted traditional femininity. While many ideas and mini-movements swirled around in this time, the one "rule" was that there weren't rules. A woman should choose how she lived her life.

Third-wave feminism also became more conscious of race. Kimberle Crenshaw, a gender and critical-race scholar, coined the phrase " intersectionality " in 1989. The term refers to how different kinds of oppression - like those based on gender and race - intersect with each other. While mainstream first and second-wave feminism had largely ignored or neglected racial disparities within gender, the Third wave paid more attention. The phrase "third-wave feminism" was coined in 1992 by Rebecca Walker, a 23-year old Black bisexual woman. When the internet became more commonplace, it was even easier to hear perspectives and ideas from feminists around the world. Feminism was expanding.

The fourth wave

Some people think we're still in the third wave of feminism since the fourth wave isn't so much of a shift as the continued growth of the movement. However, with the MeToo movement and a resurgence of attacks on women's rights, many believe we're living in a new wave. Social media activism has propelled the movement firmly into the technological age. It builds on the third wave's emphasis on inclusivity and asks hard questions about what empowerment, equality, and freedom really mean.

Fourth-wave feminism continues to reckon with intersectionality. Critics of "white feminism," which ignores the unique struggles of women of color, expose how non-white feminists and ideas have been - and continue to be - suppressed. Trans rights are a big part of the conversation, too. Feminism has often been an unwelcoming and hostile place for trans women and others who reject the gender binary. Many fourth-wave feminists are working to combat this exclusion. As with every wave before it (and any wave that comes after it), the fourth wave is complex. It encompasses many movements that both complement and clash with each other. This tension is unavoidable. While some types of feminism can have harmful impacts, having a variety of voices makes feminism more inclusive and successful.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Types of Feminism: The Four Waves | Human Rights Careers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Feminism is one of the oldest movements in global history. There's no single definition, but feminism boils down to ending gender discrimination and bringing about gender equality. Within this goal, there are many types of feminism. Instead of describing them in isolation from each other, feminism can be divided into "waves."