# data[].attributes.body
1. This painting by the Limbourg
brothers is part of :
a.An altarpiece
b.A diptych
c.A prayer book
d.A stained glass window
2. It is an example of:
a.The International Gothic style

3. The style is marked by:
b.Rich materials, elegant figures,
naturalistic details

1. This diptych was made for Richard II, King of England, who is pictured in the left
interior panel and shown kneeling before the Virgin Mary on the right panel.
True or False

2. Who are the three men who stand behind Richard?
St. Edward the Confessor
St. Edmund
St. George
St. John the Baptist

3. On the right, an angel holds the banner of
St. Edward the Confessor
St. Edmund
St. George
St. John the Baptist

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15th-Century Flanders
Flanders (parts of France, England, Belgium, & Netherlands)

Attention to detail
Religious symbolism
Naturalism
Oil paint: subtle effects of light and dark,
modeling, greater details, glowing colors
Art can be owned by middle class (especially prints)
Mostly religious, also portraiture, Details of modern life (cityscapes, interiors, etc.)
Fantastical creatures/demons (Bosch, Schongauer)
Claus Sluter, Well of Moses

Workshop of Campin,
Annunciation Triptych
(Merode Altarpiece)

Van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece

Van Eyck, Arnolfini Portrait

Rogier van der Weyden,
Deposition

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Book of Hours
Dyptch
Triptych
Polyptych
Donors/Patrons
Grisaille-grey painting
Intaglio-engraved to hold dye
Concepts: symbolism

International Gothic Style-soft/beautiful, realism, elegant,

International Gothic Style (bridge between Gothic and Renaissance)
some Gothic characteristics new naturalism, rich colors, materials, symbolism, many small details
aristocratic patrons, tastes
elegant figures, expensive dress
patterns, repetition

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Hieronymus Bosch, The Last Judgment, c. 1482

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Hieronymus Bosch, The Last Judgment, c. 1482

# data[].attributes.headline
Martin Schongauer, St. Anthony Tormented by Demons, c. 1480-90

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Martin Schongauer, St. Anthony Tormented by Demons, c. 1480-90

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Rogier van der Weyden. Descent from the Cross . ca. 1435 

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Rogier van der Weyden. Descent from the Cross . ca. 1435 

# data[].attributes.headline
 van Eyck. The “Arnolfini Portrait.” 1434 

# data[].attributes.subject
 van Eyck. The “Arnolfini Portrait.” 1434 

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Jan van Eyck. Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?). 1433 

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Jan van Eyck. Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?). 1433 

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Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece (open and closed), 1432

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Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece (open and closed), 1432

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Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece (open and closed), 1432

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Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece (open and closed), 1432

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Robert Campin and workshop. Mérode Triptych . ca. 1425–30 

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Robert Campin and workshop. Mérode Triptych . ca. 1425–30 

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The Wilton Diptych. ca. 1400 15th-century Flanders

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The Wilton Diptych. ca. 1400 15th-century Flanders

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Limbourg Brothers. January, Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. 1413–16

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Limbourg Brothers. January, Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. 1413–16

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1. Claus Sluter. The Well of Moses, 1395–1406 

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1. Claus Sluter. The Well of Moses, 1395–1406 

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Franciscan Order
Apron Scene-along side of alter image in the center
Painted Altarpieces
Tempera-egg base paint
Fresco-plaster based paintings
Pulpit
Tau cross of St. Francis-sign of conversion
Republics vs. Duchies-duke rule vs. people
Annunciation Gabriel speaks with Mary
Concepts: Transition period; mixture of Byzantine, Gothic, and Classical
influences

1. In the medieval Catholic belief system, people who committed sins could atone for them with good
works, such as paying to have a chapel decorated with a religious narrative. TRUE
2. The narrative scenes in the Arena Chapel begin with
Life of Mary  Life of Christ Christ’s Passion
3. Giotto was probably  the student of Cimabue
4. In the Lamentation, the anguish on Mary’s face shows
Her humanity
1. Simone Martini was a student of
a. Ambrogio Lorenzetti
b. Pietro Lorenzetti
c. Duccio
and was well-versed in the Sienese styles, with particular attention to detail, patterns,
and decorative elements.

2. The lilies in the vase were symbolic of Mary's
a. kindness
b. piety
c. virginity

3. Gabriel holds this symbol of Christ and peace:
a. a laurel branch
b. an olive branch
c. a grape vine

4. The Holy Ghost appears in the form of a
a. dove
5. Simone Martini is trying to represent both the divinity and humanity of the event, while
previous artists focused mostly on
a. divinity
1. Unlike many works of medieval art, the Allegory and Effects of
Good and Bad Government is a
a. Religious
b. Secular
work of art.

2. The Allegory and Effects of Bad Government shows the figure of
Tyranny surrounded by vices. Poor government leads to
a. fear and destruction
b. sin and apostasy
c. anger and corruption
in the city and country.

3. Allegories in art are figures that stand in for
a. Emotions
b. Ideas
c. Values

# data[].attributes.headline
 Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Allegory of Good and Bad Government, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. 1338–40

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 Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Allegory of Good and Bad Government, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. 1338–40

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Duccio, Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, from the Maestà Altar.     Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena 1308-10

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Duccio, Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, from the Maestà Altar.     Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena 1308-10

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Duccio. Madonna Enthroned, center of the Maesta Altar. 1308-11

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Duccio. Madonna Enthroned, center of the Maesta Altar. 1308-11

# data[].attributes.headline
 Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, Padua. 1305–06 (and fresco paintings by Giotto)

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 Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, Padua. 1305–06 (and fresco paintings by Giotto)

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Cimabue. Madonna Enthroned. ca. 1280–90 

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Cimabue. Madonna Enthroned. ca. 1280–90 

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Andrea Pisano. South doors, baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence. 1330–36

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Andrea Pisano. South doors, baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence. 1330–36

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Arnolfo di Cambio. Florence Cathedral. Begun ca. 1294 (nave, plan)

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Arnolfo di Cambio. Florence Cathedral. Begun ca. 1294 (nave, plan)

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(plus reliefs by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano)

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1. St. Denis served as the burial place for the French royal family.
True or False
2. Which of the following is NOT true of the church of St. Denis?
a. Abbot Suger updated the earlier ninth century church at St. Denis.
b.  Abbot Suger designed the outer wall of the ambulatory to contain many windows to allow
significantly more light into the ambulatory and choir.
c.  During the twelfth century, the power of the French kings was expanding and Abbot Suger
wanted to create a style that would express the growing power of the monarchy.
d.  Abbot Suger used rounded arches to achieve his desired effects in the ambulatory and choir.
3. Pointed arches allowed for
Thicker
Thinner
supports that did not need as much buttressing, allowing for the creation of a more
elegant space.
4. The increased use of stained glass created a space inside the church that medieval
people would have described as
Earthly
Heavenly
Psychedelic
Secular
1. The stained glass in Chartres Cathedral reflected the new Gothic focus on
Light
Sin
Biblical stories
and
Drama
Realism
Geometry
2. In Gothic architecture, light was a symbol for . . .
Hope
Redemption
The divine
Charity
3. Which relic gave spiritual power and brought pilgrims to the cathedral?
A finger bone
A sandal
A tunic
From
The Virgin Mary
St. John the Baptist
St. Francis of Assisi
4. The architect of Chartres Cathedral created a new three-part elevation made up of all of the following parts
EXCEPT . . .
arcade
triforium
clerestory (or windows)
gallery
5. The architect of Chartres Cathedral created a new trend in Gothic cathedrals by including all of the following
EXCEPT . . .
radiating chapels
raising the height of the church
flat wooden roof
pointed arches
6. Which of the following is not true about the Cathedral of
Notre Dame de Chartres?
a. The architect used rounded arches, thick walls, and massive
piers to support the weight of the building internally.

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Pointed arches
Ribbed groin vaults
Flying buttresses
Nave
Transept
Crossing
Aisles
Ambulatory
Nave arcade
Gallery
Triforium
Clerestory
Compound piers
Westwork
Jamb statues
Cult of Mary
Gothic “sway”
Stained glass
Tracery windows-stonework element that supports the glass in a window
Rayonnant or Court Style-raidiating
Flamboyant Style-twisting lines and curalinear
Fan Vaulting (England)

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Ekkehard and Uta, Naumburg cathedral. ca. 1249–55

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Ekkehard and Uta, Naumburg cathedral. ca. 1249–55

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Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London. 1503-19

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Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London. 1503-19

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Salisbury Cathedral, ca. 1320-30 (exterior, plan, and nave)

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Salisbury Cathedral, ca. 1320-30 (exterior, plan, and nave)

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Virgin of Paris. Early 14th century. Stone. Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

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Virgin of Paris. Early 14th century. Stone. Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

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Melchizedek and Abraham, from the Psalter of St. Louis. 1253–70 

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Melchizedek and Abraham, from the Psalter of St. Louis. 1253–70 

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Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, France. ca. 1145–1220 plan 

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Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, France. ca. 1145–1220 plan 

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(outside, inside, plan, portal and jamb sculptures, stained glass windows)

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Abbey church of Saint-Denis, France. 1140–44  plan

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Abbey church of Saint-Denis, France. 1140–44  plan

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(outside, ambulatory, and
plan)

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1. Pilgrimage stimulated the local economy for which of the following
reasons?
A. pilgrims needed places to stay.
C. pilgrims wanted to buy souvenirs.
D. pilgrims needed places to eat.
2. Which of the following are true?
A. As pilgrimages became increasingly popular, there was a building boom
in Europe.
B. The Cathedral of St. Lazare is believed to hold the relics, or bones, of
St. Lazarus.
C. This Last Judgment tympanum in Autun was one of the first
monumental sculptures since antiquity.
3. Which of the following are true of the central figure of Christ in the Last Judgment?
A. his body proportions are not naturalistic
C. he appears flattened, frontal and symmetrical
D. he is elongated
The almond shape that surrounds Christ is called a . . . mandorla
5. Images of heaven and hell caused medieval people to consider . . their own standing before God

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abbey church of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France. 

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abbey church of Saint-Étienne, Caen, France. 

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Plan, Begun 1068

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Transverse section of

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Plan of Durham cathedral, England. 1093–1130 

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Plan of Durham cathedral, England. 1093–1130 

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(after Conant)

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Romanesque portal ensembleVault forms: (a) arch; (b) barrel vault; (c) groin vault;
(d) ribbed groin vault; (e) dome

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 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ca. 1075–1120 

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 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ca. 1075–1120 

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(after Dehio)Plan of cathedral of

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Advantages of stone barrel vaults vs. wooden trussed roofs:
1. Less risk of fire
2. Better acoustics
3. Could be built taller and
wider

Disadvantages of stone barrel vaults vs. wooden trussed roofs:
1. Less light!
Why would people go on a pilgrimage?
1. expression of Christian devotion
2. could purify the soul and perhaps even
produce miraculous healing benefits.
3. could reduce time in purgatory
4. a criminal could travel the "Way of Saint
James” as an act penance
5. opportunities to travel and see some of the
world

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St. Etienne, Caen, France (façade, plan, nave)

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St. Etienne, Caen, France (façade, plan, nave)

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Durham Cathedral, England. 1093-1130 plan

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Durham Cathedral, England. 1093-1130 plan

# data[].attributes.body
(plan, nave, transverse section)

# data[].attributes.body
ca. 1066–83

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Speyer cathedral, ca. 103-61; vaulted ca. 1080-1106 (interior)

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Speyer cathedral, ca. 103-61; vaulted ca. 1080-1106 (interior)

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 San Giovanni, Florence, Italy. Ca. 1060-1150

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 San Giovanni, Florence, Italy. Ca. 1060-1150

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Baptistery of

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Baptistery, cathedral, and campanile. Pisa, Italy. 1053–1272

# data[].attributes.subject
Baptistery, cathedral, and campanile. Pisa, Italy. 1053–1272

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Mouth of Hell, from the Winchester Psalter. Winchester, England. ca. 1150

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Mouth of Hell, from the Winchester Psalter. Winchester, England. ca. 1150

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St. John the Evangelist, from the Gospel Book of Abbot Wedricus. ca. 1147

# data[].attributes.subject
St. John the Evangelist, from the Gospel Book of Abbot Wedricus. ca. 1147

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Trumeau and jambs, south portal, church of Saint-Pierre,  cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France. Ca. 1120-35

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Trumeau and jambs, south portal, church of Saint-Pierre,  cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France. Ca. 1120-35

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Moissac Last Judgment portal by Gislebertus,

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South portal with Second Coming of Christ on tympanum, church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac. ca. 1115-30

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South portal with Second Coming of Christ on tympanum, church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac. ca. 1115-30

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Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ca. 1075–1120

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Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ca. 1075–1120

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(inside, outside, plan)Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ca. 1075–1120Nave and choir, church of Sant Vicenc, Cardona, Spain. ca. 1029-1040

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Chapter 11: Romanesque ArtTheme: Pilgrimage and Judgment DayRomanesque Artc. 1100 AD

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Chapter 11: Romanesque ArtTheme: Pilgrimage and Judgment DayRomanesque Artc. 1100 AD

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Words to know (Chapter 11)
pilgrimage
Santiago de Compostela- st James
barrel vault
compound piers
bays
apsidiole-several small apses
ambulatory-aisle around apses
transept
crossing
narthex-entrance porch
nave
reliquary-container with relic
cloister-covered walk in convent/monastery
tympanum-arch over door
trumeau-post between door
jamb-columns before door
groin vaults
campanile-italian bell tower
mandorla-almond shape around Christ

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1. The Lindisfarne Gospels was made at Lindisfarne Priory at a time of . . . Invasions and political upheavals.
2. All of the following features are typical of Hiberno-Saxon art EXCEPT . . .D. meanders
3. The illustrations of the Lindisfarne Gospels show us that Hiberno-Saxon artists had a unsophisticated
sense of design and little interest in detail. FALSE
4. What detail of Matthew's portrait page in the Lindisfarne Gospels suggests a Classical influence on
Hiberno-Saxon art?the figure's robes and posture
5. The intricate patterns and ornamental detail of this page from the Lindisfarne Gospels served to encourage meditative contemplation
1. Charlemagne instructed his artists at court to revive the artistic styles that were present in the days of b. Constantine
2. The influence of the classical tradition is present in the Lindau Gospel Cover in the . . .C. cloth and drapery that the figures wear.
3. The figures are examples of  c. Repoussé
which is a metalworking technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side.
1. Bishop Bernward got the idea for his doors from seeing monumental doors . . . on a pilgrimage to Rome.
2. In the bronze doors at Hildesheim, scenes on the left door show episodes from b. Genesis
3. while scenes on the right door show events from c. The life of Christ
4. In the bronze doors at Hildesheim, the scene of the Crucifixion is paired with . . .d. The Temptation in the Garden of Eden
5. Each of Bishop Bernward's bronze doors was cast using . .  B. the lost wax process.

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St. Michael’s Hildesheim, Germany (exterior, plan, doors)Manuscript pages from the Gospel of Otto III, 

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St. Michael’s Hildesheim, Germany (exterior, plan, doors)Manuscript pages from the Gospel of Otto III, 

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Ottonian 997-1000
Gero Crucifix. ca. 970

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St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims. Ca. 816-35

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St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims. Ca. 816-35

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Front cover of binding, Lindau Gospels. Ca. 870

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Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler (Charles the Bald?). 9th centurySt. 

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Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler (Charles the Bald?). 9th centurySt. 

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Carolingian Art

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Animal Head, from the Oseberg burial ship. ca. 834

# data[].attributes.subject
Animal Head, from the Oseberg burial ship. ca. 834

# data[].attributes.body
Viking Art-

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Chi Ro Iota page, from the Book of Matthew, Book of Kells, ca. 800

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Chi Ro Iota page, from the Book of Matthew, Book of Kells, ca. 800

# data[].attributes.body
Anglo-Saxon

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St. Matthew, from the Lindisfarne Gospels. Ca. 700

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St. Matthew, from the Lindisfarne Gospels. Ca. 700

# data[].attributes.headline
Cross page, from the Lindisfarne Gospels. ca. 700 

# data[].attributes.subject
Cross page, from the Lindisfarne Gospels. ca. 700 

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St. Matthew, from the Book of Durrow, ca. 680.

# data[].attributes.subject
St. Matthew, from the Book of Durrow, ca. 680.

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Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. 

# data[].attributes.body
First half of 7th century Hiberno-Saxon Art

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Gold buckle, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. First half of 7th century

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Gold buckle, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. First half of 7th century

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cloisonné-decorative art work with enamel
illuminated manuscript
initial page
carpet page
miniaturist-painter of illuminated manuscripts
scriptoria-room for writing
codex-book
the four evangelists-Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
westwork-church enterance

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Early Medieval Art
Anglo-Saxon: c. 600 A.D.
Hiberno-Saxon: c. 700 A.D.
Viking: c. 800 A.D.
Carolingian: c. 800 A.D.
Ottonian: c. 1000 A.D.

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1. The Dome of the Rock is one of the earliest surviving buildings from the Islamic world.True
2.The Dome of the Rock is a holy site that belongs to which religious traditions?Jews, Muslim, Christian
3. At the center of the Dome of the Rock is a large rock, which is believed to be the location where  Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac
4.NOT true of the Dome of the Rock? 1.     The mosaics in the Dome of the Rock contain no human figures or animals. While Islam does not prohibit the use of figurative art per se, it seems that in religious buildings, this proscription was upheld.
5. Taj mahal -The structure’s exterior is decorated with a combination of inlaid stone and verses from the Quran, an Islamic vision of paradise, mausoleum
6.

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The Five Pillars of Islam
1. The Profession of Faith (The Shahada): “There is no God but God, and
Muhammed is his prophet”
2. Daily Prayers (Salat): Five times a day, point towards Mecca
3. Alms-Giving (Zakat): Donate a portion of earnings (or good deeds for those
unable to donate money) to the poor
4. Fasting during Ramadan (Saum): Ninth month of the Islamic calendar; from dawn
to dusk (no eating or drinking during daylight)
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj): At least once during one’s lifetime; visit the Kaaba
(shrine said to be built by Abraham and his son Ishmael)

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Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings from the "St.   Petersburg Album," 1615-1618, 

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Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings from the "St.   Petersburg Album," 1615-1618, 

# data[].attributes.body
Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings from the "St.
Petersburg Album," 1615-1618, opaque watercolor, gold and ink on paper

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Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain. 

# data[].attributes.body
Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Granada, Spain. Mid-14th century
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. ca. 1650

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Madrasa of Ulugh beg, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. ca. 1435

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Madrasa of Ulugh beg, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. ca. 1435

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Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. ca. 690 and later

# data[].attributes.subject
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. ca. 690 and later

# data[].attributes.body
Words to Know (Chapter 9)
Mihrab-niche in the wall of a mosque pointing toward mecca
Qibla Wall-wall with niche facing Mecca
Kufic Script-earliest islam writing used to write the Quran
Minaret-slendor tower used to call to Muslim prayer
Horseshoe arches-keyhole arch used by islamic architecture
Voussoirs-wedge-shaped stone used to construct arches
Iwan-persian term for entrance/portal projecting from the facade of a building. Rectangled, walled on 3 sides, with one end opened with arch opening

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1. Ravenna was an important Roman port city and served as the capital city for the western half of the empire.TRUE
2. Galla Placidia, daughter of Emperor Theodosius, ruled the Western Empire as Regent
3. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was originally attached church
4. NOT true of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia? The mausoleum houses Galla Placidia's sarcophagus.
5.The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus reflects elements of classicism and elements of Early Christian art.TRUE
6. In the scene of Adam and Eve, the contrapposto is borrowed from the classical tradition, but the oversized heads are indicative of the early Christian style that was just then developing.TRUE
7. The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus shows Early Christian artists inventing a new iconography, or visual language, for Christianity and its ideas.TRUE
8. What element of the capitals in Hagia Sophia reflect the general shift away from the solidity of Greek and Roman
architecture? They used drillwork to create a thin and dematerialized effect contradicting their support function.
9. Which of the following two architectural forms best describes the plan of Hagia Sophia?basilica & central plan
10. Which architectural element does NOT serve a structural function to support the dome of Hagia Sophia?The windows at the base.

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Late byzantine

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Christ Pantocrator, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece

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Christ Pantocrator, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece

# data[].attributes.body
middle byzantine

# data[].attributes.headline
Christ, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. 6th century CE

# data[].attributes.subject
Christ, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. 6th century CE

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Christ, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. 6th century CE early byzantine

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Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. 532–37 CE

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Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. 532–37 CE

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Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. 532–37 CE  (inside, outside, plan) Early byzantine

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San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. 526–47 CE (inside, outside, plan, and mosaics)

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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425–50 CE 

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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425–50 CE 

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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425–50 CE (inside and outside)

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Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. ca. 359 CE

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Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. ca. 359 CE

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Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy. ca. 324–400 CE (inside, outside, and plan)

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Good Shepherd, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy

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Good Shepherd, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy

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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425-50 CE

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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy. 425-50 CE

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Sarcophagus, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, Italy. Ca. 270 CE

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Sarcophagus, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, Italy. Ca. 270 CE

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Sarcophagus, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, Italy. Ca. 270 CE

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Painted Ceiling, Catacomb of Santissimi Pietro e Marcellino, 

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Painted Ceiling, Catacomb of Santissimi Pietro e Marcellino, 

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Painted Ceiling, Catacomb of Santissimi Pietro e Marcellino, Rome, Italy, 4th
century CE

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Chi Ro Monogram -C R for Christ
Ichthus symbol-fish,2 intersecting arches
Orant position-prayer hands up
Clerestory-windows level upper part of the nave, transcept
Martyrium-building/chamber used as a burial place
Tesserae-mosaic pieces
Nimbus-halo
Nave-space in church for the congregation
Aisle-outside the nave columns
Gallery-platform raised above the church floor
Narthex-porch between the nave and atrium-open roof central court
Apse-semicircular with domed roof/east end, contains the altar
Icon
Iconoclast, icon destruction
Iconophile-person who loves and protects art
Psalter-copy of the palms
Pantocrator-title of Christ as represented as the ruler of the universe/byzantine church decor

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Early Christian Art: c. 250 A.D.-400 A.D.
Early Byzantine Art: c. 500 A.D.
Middle Byzantine Art: c. 900-1200 A.D.
Late Byzantine Art: c. 1300 A.D.

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Early Christian Art: c. 250 A.D.-400 A.D.
Early Byzantine Art: c. 500 A.D.
Middle Byzantine Art: c. 900-1200 A.D.
Late Byzantine Art: c. 1300 A.D.

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-Equestrain sculpture of Marcus Aurelius is one of few to survive. It reflects that knowledge of human and horse anatomy. Influenced sculptors of the Renaissance
-Colossus of Constantine 40 feet high in the niche of Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine. Constantine moved the center of Rome to Constantinople
-The rise of Christianity is present in the collosus of Constantine

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Arch of Constantine is unusual, artists borrowed stone from monuments of previos emporers/recarved faces with face of Constantine, frieze sculptures move away from classical naturalism to medival and abstract. Borrows elements from good emperorsTrajan, Hadrain, Marcus Aurelius(the golden age) to show he is like them.