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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Bear

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Standing Bear (c. 1829-1908) ( Ponca official orthography: Maⁿchú-Naⁿzhíⁿ/Macunajin; other spellings: Ma-chú-nu-zhe, Ma-chú-na-zhe or Mantcunanjin pronounced [mãtʃuꜜnãʒĩꜜ]) was a Ponca chief and Native American civil rights leader who successfully argued in U.S. District Court in 1879 in Omaha that Native Americans are "persons within the meaning of the law" and have the right of habeas corpus, thus becoming the first Native American judicially granted civil rights under American law. His first wife Zazette Primeau ( Primo), daughter of Lone Chief (also known as Antoine Primeau), mother of Prairie Flower and Bear Shield, was also a signatory on the 1879 writ that initiated the famous court case.

By 1789, when Juan Baptiste Munier acquired trading rights with the Ponca, they had villages along the Niobrara River near its mouth, and ranged as far east as present-day Ponca, Nebraska, at the mouth of Aowa Creek. A smallpox epidemic had reduced their numbers from approximately 800 to 100 at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1807.

When Standing Bear was born circa 1829, the Ponca traditionally raised maize, vegetables, and fruit trees in these sites during the summer. They ranged westward for the winter bison hunt. The hunts brought them into frequent contact with their traditional enemies, the Brulé and Oglala Lakota. Sometimes the Ponca allied with their enemies to raid Pawnee and Omaha villages, but they also suffered raids by them.

In Standing Bear's childhood, Brulé raids forced the Ponca to rely more on agriculture and less on the winter bison hunt. In his adolescence, the tribe split into two villages: Húbthaⁿ (Fish Smell, pronounced ), near the mouth of Ponca Creek; and Wáiⁿ-Xúde (Grey Blanket, pronounced ), on the northwest bank of the Niobrara. Standing Bear learned the ways of the men, how to hunt and fish, and prepared to take his place in the tribe.

In 1859, when Standing Bear was a young man, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 had encouraged a flood of European-American settlers, and the United States government pressured the Nebraska tribes to sell their land. At the same time, they were suffering raids from the North by the Brulé and Oglala. Because tribal land claims overlapped, the Omaha treaty of 1854 included a cession of a 70-mile-mile-wide strip (110 km) of land between Aowa Creek and the Niobrara, which was also claimed by the Ponca.

By 1862, white settlers were quickly moving in and building the town of Niobrara where the Ponca summer corn fields had been. The Brulé raids from the north cut off the winter hunting grounds and forced the Ponca to abandon Húbthaⁿ. In 1858, under this pressure, the Ponca ceded much of their lands to the United States. They reserved the land between Ponca Creek and the Niobrara, approximately between present-day Butte and Lynch, Nebraska.

The land to which the Ponca moved proved unsuitable; poor farming conditions led to persistent famine. They were still subject to raids by hostile tribes. The Ponca spent years attempting to hunt and raise crops and horses near their old village of Húbthaⁿ and the town of Niobrara. The government failed to provide the mills, personnel, schools, and protection that it had promised by the 1858 treaty. It did not keep up with the increasing Ponca tribal enrollment in distribution of annuities and goods. Relatives sought annuity payments, people lost resources to sickness and starvation, and raids from hostile tribes were frequent.

In 1865 a new treaty allowed the Ponca to return to their traditional farming and burial grounds, in the much more fertile and secure area between the Niobrara and Ponca Creek east of the 1858 lands and up to the Missouri River. With the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), however, the government illegally gave the new Ponca reservation to the Santee Dakota as part of its negotiation to end Red Cloud's War. The government soon began to seek to remove the Ponca to Indian Territory.

Prior to the 1877 removal, Standing Bear had married Zazette, Primeau (Primoux), and had become a leader in the tribe. He and his wife Zazette had several children, including Prairie Flower and Bear Shield, both of whom died during 'Removal' (1877) or right after (1879).

In the 1900 Census, Standing Bear resided in Raymond Township, Knox County, Nebraska with his family listed (all born in Nebraska):

Standing Bear age 71 (born May 1828); Zazette Bear age 63, wife (born March 1836) (mother of 0 children, 0 living); Lali [Laura, nee Premeaux] Bear age 31, second wife (born 1868) (mother of 7 children, 5 living); Fanny Bear age 15, daughter (born 1884); Lucy Bear age 14, daughter (born 1889); Fisher Bear age 11, son (born 1888); Jennie Bear age 6, son (born Feb 1894); Henry Bear age 4, son (born Aug 1895).

The Ponca paramount chief White Goose, Standing Bear, and other Ponca leaders met with U.S. Indian Agent A. J. Carrier and signed a document allowing removal to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). White Eagle and other Ponca leaders later claimed that because of a mistranslation, he had understood that they were to move to the Omaha Reservation, not to the Indian Territory.

In February 1877, ten Ponca chiefs, including Standing Bear, accompanied Inspector Edward C. Kemble to Indian Territory to view several tracts of land. After viewing lands on the Osage Reservation and the Kaw Reservation, the chiefs were unhappy with what they were shown, and asked to return home without looking at the Quapaw Reservation. Angry at what he called the Ponca chiefs' "insubordination", Kemble refused to take them home until they had viewed all the land. Instead, eight of the chiefs decided to return home on foot. Kemble visited the Quapaw Reservation and selected it as the removal destination. In April, Kemble headed south to the Quapaw Reservation near present-day Peoria, Oklahoma, with those Ponca willing to leave. In May, the remainder of the tribe was forced to move, including Standing Bear and his family.

The Ponca arrived in Oklahoma too late to plant crops that year, and the government failed to provide them with the farming equipment it had promised as part of the deal. In 1878 they moved 150 miles (240 km) west to the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River, south of present-day Ponca City, Oklahoma. By spring, nearly a third of the tribe had died due to starvation, malaria, and related causes. Standing Bear's eldest son, Bear Shield, was among the dead. Standing Bear had promised to bury him in the Niobrara River valley homeland, so he left to travel north with about 30 followers.

When they reached the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska, they were welcomed as relatives. Word of their arrival in Nebraska soon reached the government. Under orders from the Secretary of the Interior, Carl Schurz, who also directed the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Brigadier General George Crook had the Ponca arrested for having left the reservation in Indian Territory. The army took Standing Bear and the others to Fort Omaha, where they were detained. Although the official orders were to return them immediately to Indian Territory, Crook was sympathetic to the Ponca and appalled to learn of the conditions they had left. He delayed their return so the Ponca could rest, regain their health, and seek legal redress.

Crook told the Ponca story to Thomas Tibbles, an outspoken advocate of Native American rights (who had once served under John Brown). Tibbles, an editor of the Omaha Daily Herald, publicized the Poncas' story widely. The attorney John L. Webster offered his services and was joined by Andrew J. Poppleton, chief attorney of the Union Pacific Railroad.

Standing Bear, Zazette Primeaux Bear, and child

They aided Standing Bear, who in April 1879 sued for a writ of habeas corpus in U.S. District Court in Omaha, Nebraska. Acting as interpreter for Standing Bear was Susette LaFlesche, an accomplished and educated bilingual Omaha of mixed-race background. The case is called United States ex rel. Standing Bear v. Crook. General Crook was named as the formal defendant because he was holding the Ponca under color of law.

As the trial drew to a close, the judge announced that Chief Standing Bear would be allowed to make a speech in his own behalf. Raising his right hand, Standing Bear proceeded to speak. Among his words were, "That hand is not the color of yours, but if I prick it, the blood will flow, and I shall feel pain," said Standing Bear. "The blood is of the same color as yours. God made me, and I am a Man."

On May 12, 1879, Judge Elmer S. Dundy ruled that "an Indian is a person" within the meaning of habeas corpus. He stated that the federal government had failed to show a basis under law for the Poncas' arrest and captivity.

It was a landmark case, recognizing that an Indian is a "person" under the law and entitled to its rights and protection. "The right of expatriation is a natural, inherent and inalienable right and extends to the Indian as well as to the more fortunate white race," the judge concluded.

Years later, blind and in failing health, the attorney Poppleton reflected on his final court plea for Standing Bear: "I cannot recall any two hours' work of my life with which I feel better satisfied."

The army immediately freed Standing Bear and his followers. The case gained the attention of the Hayes administration, which provided authority for Standing Bear and some of the tribe to return permanently to the Niobrara valley in Nebraska.

Between October 1879 and 1883, Standing Bear traveled in the eastern United States speaking about Indian rights in forums sponsored by Indian advocate and former abolitionist, Wendell Phillips. Susette (Bright Eyes) LaFlesche, later married to Henry Tibbles, and her brother Francis, who later became an ethnologist with the Smithsonian Institution, accompanied Standing Bear on the speaking tour. The LaFlesche siblings took turns acting as his translator. Tibbles also was part of the party. During his lecture tour, Standing Bear won the support of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and other prominent Americans.

After returning from the East, Standing Bear resided at his old home on the Niobrara. He farmed near 170 other Ponca who had been allowed to resettle there.

In 1893 Standing Bear worked for Buffalo Bill's Wild West show in Chicago and visited the World's Columbian Exposition where he rode the Ferris Wheel in full ceremonial headdress.

He died in 1908 of oral cancer and was buried on a hill overlooking the site of his birth. Today the federal government recognizes two tribes of the people: the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma.

A bust of Standing Bear, created by Ted Long in 1980 to commemorate Standing Bear being a member of the Nebraska Hall of Fame.

Chief Standing Bear Memorial Bridge

In Lincoln, Nebraska, there is a city park located in the southwest area of town named "Standing Bear Grounds".

The 63 acres (25 ha) Standing Bear Park[19] in Ponca City, Oklahoma was named in his honor. It is the site of the Standing Bear Museum and Education Center, as well as a 22 feet (6.7 m) high bronze statue of the chief.

In 1977, Standing Bear was inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame.[20][21]

In 1977, Standing Bear Lake opened.

In 1994, six north-central tribes in Oklahoma formed the Standing Bear Foundation; they began holding an annual pow-wow to bring the tribes and non-Native residents.[22]

In 1998, the Chief Standing Bear Memorial Bridge, which crosses the Missouri River at the Nebraska-South Dakota border, was named in his honor.

In 2005, a new elementary school in Omaha was named in his honor.

In 2017, a bronze sculpture[23] of Standing Bear was completed, commissioned by artist Ben Victor, and located in downtown Lincoln, Nebraska. The statue was donated by Doane College board member Donald M. Campbell.[24][25][26][27]

In 2019, a statue of Standing Bear replaced one of William Jennings Bryan in the Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol.[28]

In 2021, Lincoln Public Schools began construction of a new facility to be named Standing Bear High School, intending for it to open in 2023.[29]

In 2023, Standing Bear was featured on a U.S. Postal Service Forever stamp based on a portrait by Thomas Blackshear II.[30]

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Standing Bear (c. 1829-1908) ( Ponca official orthography: Maⁿchú-Naⁿzhíⁿ/Macunajin; other spellings: Ma-chú-nu-zhe, Ma-chú-na-zhe or Mantcunanjin pronounced [mãtʃuꜜnãʒĩꜜ]) was a Ponca chief and Native American civil rights leader who successfully argued in U.S.

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The definitive collectionBuffett in his own words

The Warren Buffett Archive is the world's largest collection of Buffett speaking about business, investing, money and life.

- 27 full Berkshire Hathaway annual meetings, going back to 1994, with a highlight reel for each year - 130 hours of searchable video, synchronized to 2800 pages of transcripts - 500 video clips covering scores of subjects - CNBC interviews, a Buffett Timeline, and a Berkshire Portfolio Tracker

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The definitive collection|||Buffett in his own words

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The Warren Buffett Archive is the world's largest collection of Buffett speaking about business, investing, money and life.

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Tom Osborne grew up in Hastings, Nebraska. He was all-state in football and basketball, won the state discus throw in track, and was named the state's High School Athlete of the Year in 1955. He attended Hastings College, where his grandfather, class of 1901, and father, class of 1930, had graduated. He was in the class of 1959, quarterbacked the football team and was named the state's College Athlete of the Year.

Osborne played three years of pro football as a flanker for Washington and San Francisco. He joined Bob Devaney's staff at Nebraska in 1962 and for 11 years was graduate assistant, receiver's coach, then offensive coordinator. In that time he obtained a master's and a doctorate in educational psychology.

He became head coach in 1973, retired after the 1997 season, and set these marks: 25-year record, 255-49-3, percentage .836 -- highest percentage of any active coach in division 1-A. 25 bowl games. 13 conference championships. 3 national championships. (1994, 1995, 1997) Record 60-3 last 5 years. Coach of the Year, 1994. Coached 46 Academic All-Americans, a record. Had graduation rate of 84 percent among his players. 3-0 record in Kickoff Classic. There were big wins in a 13-0 season in 1997 -- 69-7 over Oklahoma for Osborne's 250th career victory; 54-15 over Texas A&M for the Big 12 playoff; 42-17 over Tennessee in the Orange Bowl. And there was a close 45-38 overtime win over Missouri. Osborne served his community.

He taught Sunday school at a Methodist Church, he made speeches for the American Heart Association and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. The National Football Foundation gave him its Distinguished American Award in 1995. The governor of Nebraska designated January 1998 as "Tom Osborne Month" in the state. Tom and his wife Nancy formed the Osborne Foundation to assist youth education.

The northwest pillar of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium carries this inscription: "Courage, generosity, fairness, honor -- in these are the true rewards of manly sport." Osborne echoed this in his book, "More than Winning." He wrote: "Success, as far as I'm concerned, cannot be measured in terms of wins. It's more than winning. To make an effort to win in a manner that reflects well on the university. That has a positive effect on young people." Osborne was born Feb. 23, 1937. He was 60 when he retired.
For 22 years, Tom Osborne has been head football coach for the University of Nebraska.

For 22 years he has coached winning teams. His .826 percentage, 229-47-3, going into this season's final game, is the nation's best winning average for any coach with at least ten years on the job.

And last year, his Husker team claimed the grand prize; the National Championship, after a steady, yet stunning, come-from-behind 24-17 victory over Miami in the Orange Bowl. In addition, Osborne and the Huskers were presented the National Football Foundation's MacArthur Bowl as the No. 1 team in the country.

But even more than the major marks he has left on the field, Tom Osborne has left his unique stamp on his players and his community as a gifted teacher and a compassionate citizen. Osborne has guided a Nebraska Academic program that has graduated 84% of its football players.

In the community, Osborne and his wife Nancy underwrite the Osborne Foundation for Youth which established a Husker Teammates program that sees players work with young people in a big-brother relationship, encouraging them to pursue their education. Nebraska players reach more than 50,000 students annually through this outreach effort.

It is for his commitment to community, as well as his commitment to football excellence, that the National Football Foundation presents Tom Osborne with the 1995 Distinguished American Award.

Florida State head coach Bobby Bowden, whose Seminoles barely beat the Huskers 18-16, in the 1994 Orange Bowl, paid Osborne the highest compliment when he said, "No football program in the nation can surpass the University of Nebraska when it comes to quality. You take the three big aspects of physical, mental and spiritual, and Tom Osborne's guidelines cover it all. It's too late for my sons, but I hope my grandsons can attend Nebraska."

Nebraska's 1993 Butkus Award winner Trey Alberts said of his coach, "Tom Osborne is what college football is all about, helping student-athletes develop into young men who will be successful on the field, in the classroom and in life. He stands for all the right things and helps players set their priorities."

As an undergrad, Osborne was an outstanding athlete in several sports. He was star quarterback for four years at Hastings (Neb.) College and was the first person named Nebraska Athlete of the Year in both high school and college. After college, he played three years in the National Football league as a flanker: two with Washington and one with San Francisco.

In 1962, Osborne wanted to go back to school to study for advanced degrees, but he also wanted to stick with football. He caught his break when Nebraska hired coach Bob Devaney. Devaney promptly hired Osborne as a graduate assistant. Osborne, thus, kept his hand in football while earning his master's degree. He then became a teacher and a part-time coach while working on a doctorate in educational psychology, which he received in 1965. In 1967, Osborne decided coaching was to be his career and he became full-time receivers coach for Devaney.

It was last year that Devaney stated to the Miami Herald, "Tom Osborne saved my job." It seems that after two mediocre 6-4 records in 1967 and 1968, Devaney was under fire. Devaney added, "I turned the offense over to Tom and he installed the I-back option attack. After that we won back-to-back championships."

When Devaney retired as head coach in 1972, he hand-picked Osborne to succeed him.

It's been 22 years and 22 Bowl games. All of those post season contests have been against nationally ranked teams and the last ten pitted the Huskers against teams ranked in the top five. His own teams have ranked in the top ten 14 times during Osborne's tenure and have won at least nine games every season.

As talented as his players have been on the field, many of them have been equally brilliant in the classroom. Last year, Rob Zatechka was Osborne's first student-athlete to graduate with a perfect 4.0 grade point average. Zatechka was awarded the National Football Foundation Draddy Award as the nation's top football Scholar-Athlete. He was also CoSida Academic All- America and two of his teammates, Terry Connealy and Matt Shaw also earned CoSida Academic All-America honors.

His dedication to education as well as to football has led Osborne to decline at least two pro football coaching opportunities.

"I like that in college you're seeing things happen besides winning and losing," he has said. "You see guys get an education. You see guys get on track from where they came from . . . get a larger vision of life."

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Tom Osborne (1995) - Tom Osborne grew up in Hastings, Nebraska. He was all-state in football and basketball, won the state discus throw in track, and was named