# data[].attributes.body
One opportunity is that there are a wider range of job opportunities with higher pay. As there are more company that thrives in cities as it has developed infrastructure and can hire directly from a large pool of skilled employees. And for migrants with no experience , they can use skills future credit to try out different courses they are interested in.

# data[].attributes.body
Education enables people to gain useful knowledge which in return people are able to apply the skills that they have learned when they gain employment, where they are engaged in paid work. Businesses benefit from the concentration of educational institutions in cities, and can higher directly from a large pool of skilled employees.

# data[].attributes.headline
natasha yeo, jolyn ng, claire tan & sophie law

# data[].attributes.subject
natasha yeo, jolyn ng, claire tan & sophie law

# data[].attributes.body
challenge:

- water is affected by improper management of household & industrial waste

- threatens humans' health & aquatic life

examples:

- waste is disposed directly or leaked into water waste — water quality is reduced

# data[].attributes.headline
natasha yeo, jolyn ng, claire tan & sophie law

# data[].attributes.subject
natasha yeo, jolyn ng, claire tan & sophie law

# data[].attributes.body
benefit:

- children, young people & adults can learn and gain useful knowledge and skills — for employment

examples:

- educational institutions, vocational schools & universities

- vocational school in Ulm, Germany & a university in Berlin, Germany

# data[].attributes.body
One challenge of living in the city is that since there is a high density of people, there is more competition for jobs.

There will be many people vying for a high paying job (eg, banker, I.T.) compared to lower paying jobs, thus decreasing your chances of getting it.

# data[].attributes.body
Benefits:

The benefits are the good basic services. In cities, they are more advanced in technology, so they provide better services for the people.

Examples:

Wide range of transportation -MRT, LRT SBS

Hospitals near houses for convenience

# data[].attributes.body
Benefit: better job/ educational opportunities - acquire more skills = high paying job.

Example; KL. Due to it's built-up area, they provide more educational opportunities, which then allows them to acquire more skills, to lend them in a job position high up in a social hierarchy, thus, leading them to higher income/revenue

# data[].attributes.headline
Ariel, Hwee Ning, Rachel, Durrah and Lille

# data[].attributes.subject
Ariel, Hwee Ning, Rachel, Durrah and Lille

# data[].attributes.body
Challenge:

Water and air pollution that was caused by factories and high traffic roads which affects and threatens our health

Examples: High intake of polluted air can lead to both stress to our heart and lungs. It can also lead to asthma, shortened life span and eye irritation, along with harm to blood.

# data[].attributes.body
the problems people face in the cities is that there is an increased environmental pollution , water pollution & air pollution due to the factories releasing harmful gases and chemicals to the air and water. This can cause inflammation, oxidative stress etc. to the people living in the cities.

# data[].attributes.body
One disadvantage is the overpopulation of citizens. This is because firstly, with the rise of the use of cars, carbon emissions will increase due to the overwhelming amount of people driving them regularly.

This will cause problems such as traffic congestion, noise pollution(from honking), air pollution(carbon emissions) which contributes to climate change, as well as the decrease of morale due to ‘road rage’. One example where this can take place is dense cities such as Jakarta in Indonesia, where cars are more prominent during peak hours. This results in the city having a higher carbon footprint compared to other cities such as KL.

# data[].attributes.body
Benefits: Technological Advancements (Use of scientific knowledge to create new services and products)

Results in: This results in better, more comfortable lifestyles, since some services include shading, public transport, new designs of buildings and built environment to reduce carbon emission. With technological knowledge, cities will be more advanced and better to live in.

# data[].attributes.body
better education & employment. with a better education, people can gain more knowledge and skills. using this knowledge, they can find jobs in the city which have a higher pay than those in rural areas

due to cities being more densely populated, there are more universities and colleges

businesses also thrive in cities due to the developed infrastructure and the availability of services. they can benefit from the high concentration of educational institutions, easily hiring new employees

# data[].attributes.body
One challenge might be higher cost of living (e.g. GST , ERP etc.) as the population is large which causes the demands to increase.

# data[].attributes.body
There are many institutes of education that caters to different interests in cities to support their ever growing population and people who wish to be life-long learners. This benefits companies in city as they can easily hire people with varying skillsets in their business and keep improving growing their business.

# data[].attributes.body
The stratergy is: The Housing and Development board , were set up to build affordable public housing for masses . This prevents squatter settlement which are dangerous as they are found in unsafe locations such a steeps slopes and along railway tracks.

For example , today , more than 80%of our population lives in good qualities public housing surrounded by good amenities

The houses are also strong and made out of good materials like bricks and cement as to make sure they do not collapse when there is a storm or wind. They are also made affordable so everyone is able to afford a house and less people are left homeless

# data[].attributes.body
Recently, the amount of modes of transport have increased in variety, such as the increase of buses and trains. This can improve the life quality by:

-Easier travelling throughout the city due to more options, such as public transport

-Reduce in traffic congestion, which can increase transportation times. This can help people be more punctual for important things like work.

-Less cars will be used, which can reduce carbon emissions and burning of fossil fuels that can reduce climate change.

-Park connectors that can shorter travelling times and cater to people who cycle or walk as a mode of transport.

Organisations like the LTA and SBS Transit contribute to the increase in public transport options.

# data[].attributes.body
The use of better quality materials prevents hazards occurring (etc. infrastructure, good building structure and material). Japan is prone to earthquakes, so the Mori Tower, situated in Tokyo Japan, has oil dampers and brake dampers, which helps it withstand earthquakes, so that the safety of the people in the building and around that area will be secure.

# data[].attributes.body
with Singapore's aging population, to ensure a good quality of life for the elderly and persons with disabilities, cities need to be designed with their needs in mind.

in pedestrain path, routes are clear of obstables and are at least 1.8 meters wide so it is spacious and conveineiant for people on wheelchairs and the visually impaired. There are tactile warning on the ground on two sides of traffic so that the blind people know that they are crossing the road and they will walk more carefully. there are also brailles on the lift level buttons allowing the blind people to use the lift without the help of someone else.

# data[].attributes.body
Some city governments have a vehicles restriction rule which limits the use of private cars to selected days in a week or they would need to pay a certain price for driving in highways during peak hour. For example, in Singapore, during peak hour on popular highways, people have to pay ERP, thus discouraging people to drive during peak hours and to opt for public transport.

In Singapore, under the enviromental protection and management [Vehicular Emissions] Regulations is an offence for any vehicle to emit smoke while on the road. This decreases the amount of air pollution in the city.

# data[].attributes.body
To prevent water pollution, there should be a water filter, reduce plastic waste, dispose chemicals properly, go to the beach to volunteer and help pick up rubbish around the shore, limit fertilizer and pesticides, use carwash facilities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Is Beijing winning the battle against air pollution?

# data[].attributes.headline
Cayla, Claire Tan, Francine, Jolyn, Reena 

# data[].attributes.subject
Cayla, Claire Tan, Francine, Jolyn, Reena 

# data[].attributes.body
Management of Hazard-->Land use planning:

It is making decisions about how land resources will be used for various purposes (housing, recreation, transport).

Planning agencies may disallow some of these users and construction is unsafe location to prevent hazards from occurring. There is a coastal erosion hazard area map in new York which restricts the development along the coast of the long island because those areas are a risk of coastal erosion. If there are developments such as housing around the coast, in the event of erosion, the people living there will be at risk. As more people move into the cities the pressure on land increases and people may be forced to live in areas which were previously thought to be too risky. Hence, the land area have to be spread out.

# data[].attributes.body
access to basic amenities and improved living conditions

keeps us safe from bad weather such as rain, sunlight, storm and other natural disasters

lots of amenities like supermarkets, hawker centres

lots of greenery( recreation )

# data[].attributes.body
Some challenges due to housing include a shortage of natural resources. As houses require many natural resources, the number of houses being built may result in a depletion of natural resources.

Another challenge includes the competition for land space. Housing may take up space, which affects the building of reservoirs and sources of water, which can cause a negative impact on the environment due to the shortage of water

# data[].attributes.headline
Yixin and Lauren and Deandra and Claire Loe

# data[].attributes.subject
Yixin and Lauren and Deandra and Claire Loe

# data[].attributes.body
Benefits of housing include firstly, a comfortable and safe place to live where family and friends can form close bonds and good memories. Secondly it allows for families to form closer bonds and be happy

# data[].attributes.body
Use of Natural Resources

To meet the needs of housing development, natural resources need to be extracted and used.

In order to make space for the building of houses, land need to be cleared, this results in the depletion of forests.

Resources like food, water and building materials are needed to build homes and tools and are also used for cooking and warmth.

Environmental Pollution

Pollution can be defined as the introduction of substances that do not normally belong in the environment, which, in great enough concentrations, can have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans.

Land pollution can mean garbage and industrial waste, impact from the mining and other forms of industry.

Humans produce vast quantities of waste, especially in factories, offices, schools and homes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
deforestation forest timber the last tree destruction number agriculture cedar house park

# data[].attributes.body
Lack of natural resources. Resources such as building materials are needed to build homes. These resources are extracted from the environment, from either forest resources or from mining. Since resources are extracted from forests, more forests will be cut down and lesser trees will be left.

Another challenge is land pollution. Can include garbage, industrial waste, mining and other forms of industry. It can lead to long-term damage to land, making it unsafe for building houses.

# data[].attributes.body
- it provides people basic needs such as sanitation, access to water & electricity, which is essential in improving people's quality of life

- there is a presence of amenities so they make life easier for its residents

e.g. the access to food via grocery shops ⟶ convenient

- there is also a presence of communities thus meets the residents' social needs, like getting to know people within their neighbourhood, making friends & seeking companionship

# data[].attributes.body
basic amenities such as water, electricity, supermarkets, hawker centre

comfortable living space-> very secure

protection from weather conditions, natural disasters such as rain

presence of community -> void deck, place to communicate

# data[].attributes.body
Fights between neighbours, Pose dangers due to people with different lifestyles and beliefs living closely together. This can cause friction between neighbors and create a hostile environmnet.

# data[].attributes.body
pollution

shortage of natural resources

deficit of land

unaffordable to low- income families

# data[].attributes.body
it provides the residents with access to basic needs (eg, water, sanitation, and electricity) --> improve residents lives

it can cater to people of all ages with all sorts of physical conditions which enables all residents, to feel at ease --> inclusivity.

can house residents as well as their extended families and promote inclusiveness

formal housing provides shelter from the elements, harsh weather conditions, (e.g., rain, snow, hail, sleet) due to using superior quality materials.

close to amenities (e.g. shops, hawker centre) --> more convenient, saves time.

Lots of greenery (i.e.. parks, garden) for recreation

- promotes a healthy lifestyle

community activities (HDB)--> able to meet social needs, forge closer bonds and inclusivity with neighbours

# data[].attributes.body
One challenge of housing is the excessive use of natural resources. In smaller countries, like Singapore, sources are scarce and there may not be much space to construct public housing. To make more space, construction firms may resort to deforestation and clearing of land to make space for housing which jeopardise the lives of various species of animals living in those forests. This results in the animals having nowhere to live and having to live in human areas which endanger both us and the animals.

Another challenge is pollution of water. During construction, a lot of debris/waste are thrown into water, causing a decrease in water quality and thus making the water dirtier. This is harmful towards living things and marine life inhabiting those waters as the pH levels and water quality may not be suitable for their living conditions. This results in deterioration of marine life.

# data[].attributes.body
The cutting down of trees to make space for housing which leads to the loss of habitats and nesting areas or sources of prey for the wild animals. sources of water may also be covered up and underwater animals may die or lose their home, leading to loss of recreation space for humans trekking in the forests and around ponds or migratory routes for wild animals. This can also cause the animals on land to die due to stress of losing their home and environment and and can also disrupt humans in their homes through invading the homes of people.

# data[].attributes.body
Provides basic services and amenities (medical..)

High quality building materials

Shelter from harsh elements (rain.. etc)

# data[].attributes.body
Community

-The interactions and community spririt fostered among neighbours from all walks of life leads to a sense of belonging and inclusivity

Amenities

- makes basic goods more accessible

-gyms, convenience stores, malls

-promote healthy lifestyles

-improve mental and physical

- improve quality of life

# data[].attributes.body
->housing developments in cities promote high-density living and increase the resource demands made of any surrounding area. and in order to meet these needs, natural resources are extracted from the environment

->it also pollutes the environment from the amount of resources that is extracted from the natural environment.

pollution

->land pollution

:it is another term for soil contamination. like factory chemicals or sewage and other wastewater.

:land pollution can also mean garbage and industrial waste, impact from mining and other forms of industry.

which leads to a long term damage to land, making it unsafe for building houses

# data[].attributes.body
use of natural resources:

to make houses, natural resources need to be extracted and used.

the land was originally part of the environment but has been repurposed for human use.

demands of housing development -> negative environmental impacts.

environmental pollution:

land pollution like garbage and industrial waste can cause damage to land, makes it unsafe for building houses

# data[].attributes.body
-environmental pollution

Fossil fuels being consumed due to high concentration of people leading to contaminants being produced and released unto the physical environment which can harm human health.

-lack of natural resources

Resources are taken from the environment faster than they are replenished. This can lead to conflict or war. Global warming and soil erosion will also be affected from lack of natural resources.