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(a)A new parasite is introduced into an ecosystem and manages to infect a host species. Outline how the host and parasite species may reach an equilibrium over time. [4]

(b) Explain how tectonic plate activity may lead to the formation of new species. [7]

(c) Justify the role of different environmental value systems (EVSs) in deciding between in situ and ex situ conservation strategies. [9]

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a)

if the parasites KILL too many hosts then their own populations decline ..... they must chill out (equilibrium!!!) to be happy together

b) the places move apart w the tectonics and thus species that WERE the same species adapt differently to new environments ...... which equals more species eventually

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A) The host and the parasite will parasite-host co-evolution.

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A) The host and the parasite will parasite-host co-evolution.

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1. the parasite population will inflate

2. The host population will decrease

3. explosion

4. the friends we made along the way

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a) The parasite and the host will reach equilibrium due to parasite-host coevolution, which involves the two species keeping up with each other's adaptations.

First the parasite population will increase

Then the host population will decrease

The the parasites will decrease

and they'll reach an equilibrium

Hooray!

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a) The host and the parasite will reach an equilibrium over time by:

the parasite's population increase as they infect the host's population

hosts population decreases as they die

the parasite population decreases due to the decreased host population and not as many hosts to infect.

the host population increases as they have time to bounce back from the parasite presences.

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speciation due to them no longer share a geographical location, leading to them developing new physical characterization.

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b) Tectonic plate activity will lead to the formation of species in several ways. Tectonic activity can include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and shirting biomes and temperatures. This can separate populations of species, leading to a variation in their genetic structure. Two species are classified as separate when they are no longer able to breed, due to genetic differences, resulting in two different species. The separation causes differing climates and therefore, the separated species have to adapt to their new environments. As they adapt to different climates, their genetic makeup differs and separates.

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A) A parasite will infect its host gaining a new food source. As product, this new found source of energy gives the parasite population the opportunity to have a period of exponential growth. However, as this growth reaches its peak, it is inhibited due to the simultaneous decrease in its host population. Resulting, in a decline in the parasite population, giving the chance for hosts to substantiate their population again, in which the two populations will balance out.

B) Tectonic plate activity can cause the formation of new terrain, the division of landmasses, connection between existing formations, and the isolation of landmasses. This creates the generation of new environments/ecosystem, forcing adaptation, at a gradual rate as species are separated from each other. Forming sub groups of the original organism, as each divided group is placed separately. As result, these organism adapt to different environments, developing individual traits, mutating to the point of chromosomal difference, and the inability to cross breed. Deeming them as seperate species.

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a) Through the parasite using their host to survive, they reach a large population. However, if they kill the host than their own population declines due to a lack of shelter and food source. So they must contain enough to survive, but not over feed or the host dies.

b) Over time tectonic plates will shift and create new and different environments forcing species to migrate. In turn, migrating to a new land will force them to adapt to it's vegetation and terrain, as well as introduced predators, creating a risk for these animals. This species are than forced to adapt, over time evolving their physical form so they are able to live comfortably in their new environment. For Example, because of the continents closer relation to islands, a species of bird migrate to the island, they are introduced with limited food sources, including a type of nut that they cannot crack, and very large trees that they are unable to climb on. Over time these birds will adapt to having a larger beak to be able to break into the nuts so they can have a continuous food source, and larger stronger talons so their able have shelter amongst the trees. These birds may even cross breed with another species nearby and over a larger amount of time more species are constantly created.

c) There are many benefits to both paths of conservation, but determining which which idea is better can be a difficult task. In situ refers to the cultivation of maintaining a species' natural habitat and their species inside their original place of cultivation. Whilst thing is beneficial to the species, as they still connected to their habitat and don't have to migrate to a new lifestyle, it can create problems with human activity in their natural habitat. With humans intervening in their natural habitat many animals may feel threatened and provoked, especially if their in current poor conditions, resulting in them lashing out and attacking the humans. This creates an unhealthy relationship, and begs the question of how effective will human contact be for the specific issue. In situ conservation strategies are effective when the issue is highly related to the species' habitat, and their personal relationship with their environment. Ext situ refers to conservation strategies of species outside of their habitats, for example, fostering a species and bringing them to a zoo or a man-made conservation place to recoup. This can be very effective as many current ext situ conservation facilities are warmly and sway to the benefits of the suffering species, they can also recreate their natural habitat whilst helping them adapt to the new conditions they'll be facing. However some ext situ conservation facilities such as zoo's are very man-made and manufactures, forcing the animals to adapt in a very quick and sudden manner which many animals aren't capable of. A fear of belonging in many animals can form which creates a rejection of both environments, regressing their adaptive process. Ex situ is valuable for animals that can be trained to work in human environments such as birds and koalas, and can adapt quite easily.

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b) Tectonic plates activity can lead to the formation of new species in the land bridges and physical barriers. When the activity occurs, it can create rock formations and mountains, which can be lead to physical barriers between species. Meaning, the populations are separated and have to adapt to their new niches within their environment, meaning they will become new species. This can be proved in their inability to reproduce with each other. In addition, volcanic activity disrupts the habitat and living conditions for species, meaning that population would decrease and the remaining, would need to adapt over an extended period of time, to altered landscape and temperatures. This can be classified as a land bridge from the volcanos formation, across two landmasses, from tectonic movement. Meaning, that species are able to broaden their niche and adapt to conditions on varying masses.

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The parasite species may grow slowly to begin with because there are only a few of them to reproduce;

They will then grow at an increasing/exponential rate as the numbers reproducing increase;

Eventually they may begin to cause a fall in the number of hosts;

This will cause a subsequent decline in the number of parasite species;

This in turn will allow the host species to recover;

This reciprocal/cyclical fluctuation may continue indefinitely;

Achieving a negative feedback mechanism/dynamic equilibrium;

hosts that are best able to tolerate the parasite are the most likely to survive/reproduce/increase in numbers;

parasites that kill their hosts often struggle to reproduce as efficiently, so the milder versions might be more likely to survive/reproduce/increase in numbers;which in means over time parasites are less deadly and hosts are less affected;

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a)

Parasite infects host and population increases at an exponential rate, host populations dwindle because of parasite, then parasite populations dwindle because of that, and then the host populations increase and therefore the parasite increases again.

b)

Physical barriers - splits a species apart, forcing them into a different ecological niche and having to adapt to their new environment. Process of speciation - the species can no longer mate and therefore are classified as different species.

Land Bridges - introduces new predators to an area, adaptation and stuff.