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Budburst is the first growth after winter dormancy.

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Weather parameters: >10C/50F daily temperature needed.
Hazard: Spring frosts
Consequences: Spring frosts can kill the emerging buds. The vine may produce secondary buds but the whole season starts later which means fruit may struggle to ripen fully. Yields are reduced when fruit is grown on secondary buds.

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Vines are vigorous plants and they need to be managed to optimise the environment to successfully ripen grapes to produce wine.
One of the first tasks in a vineyard after budburst is removing unwanted buds. This is required so the vine can support the remaining shoots to ripen the grapes fully.

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Summer pruning happens throughout the growing season. However, two key summer pruning techniques are tucking in and topping.
Tucking in: The aim is to position the canes, so the flowers and eventually bunches are exposed and not shaded by leaves. The other aim is to create airflow in the canopy so it can dry out quickly after rain, minimising fungal disease pressures.
Topping: Vines are cut at their tips to limit the height of the canopy so it does not become too heavy for the trellis and depending on when this task is performed, can increase fruit set, bunch size and yield.

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The caps of the flowers are visible on the leaf

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Weather parameters: Warm, sunny and dry weather
Hazards: Too wet and pollination is reduced, too cool and cloudy pollination becomes inconsistent.
Consequences: The consequences are lower yields and poor fruit set. The berries may not be evenly sized which impacts on ripening meaning some berries may be less ripe and others over ripe. This can impact the quality and quantity of the grapes at harvest.

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The berries are hard and green pre veraison

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Weather parameters: Warm, sunny and dry
Hazards: If the weather is cool, damp and cloudy Coulure and Millerandage can happen.
Consequences: Coulure is when more flowers are unfertilised than fertilised. The bunches have very few grapes which impacts yield.
Millerandage is when berries form without seeds and remain small which also greatly reduces the yield.

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Vines are vigorous plants and depending on the site and the growing season, the growth needs to be managed.
The shoots need to be kept within the trellis to allow the passage of machinery and people to work on the vines. More importantly the trellis supports the shoots and bunches allowing them exposure to the sun.

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Task 4: Summer pruning by removing leaves 

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Task 4: Summer pruning by removing leaves 

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Leaf removal is not carried out in all vineyards but there is evidence to suggest that by exposing the berries to the available light, it increases ripening.  The other benefit is keeping the canopy open and airy which can minimise fungal diseases spreading.

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Pinot Gris grapes picked by hand and put into 20kg crates

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The method of harvesting is either by hand (manual) or by machine.
The advantages of hand harvesting include increased selection of the highest quality berries can be carried out in the vineyard and cellar prior to fermentation and bunches remain intact.
However, the cost of manual harvesting is becoming prohibitive in many parts of the world due to labour shortages.
Machine harvesting can select to a degree and the process is quick which saves on time and less staff are required.
However, machine harvesting is only suitable for wine that does not require whole bunches