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Robert Hooke discover the cell, which he observed while examining thin slices of cork through a microscope in 1665. He described the small, box-like structures he saw as "cells," a term that has been used to refer to the basic unit of life ever since.

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Robert Hooke was an English scientist and inventor who lived in the 17th century. He was born on July 18, 1635, in Freshwater, on the Isle of Wight. Hooke is best known for his contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, and microscopy.

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Leeuwenhoek is credited with discovering single-celled organisms, which he called "animalcules," using a microscope he designed and built himself. He made his first microscope in the 1670s, using a single, high-quality lens that he ground himself. This allowed him to see objects that were too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, yeast cells, and sperm cells.

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Leeuwenhoek and Microscopic Life | AMS OpenMind

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Leeuwenhoek and Microscopic Life | AMS OpenMind

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William Nicol invented the polarizing prism, which led to the development of the polarized light microscope.

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He proposes plant are made up of cells, 1838

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He proposes plant are made up of cells, 1838

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1838, proposed that all plant tissues are made up of cells. This was a significant contribution to the understanding of the structure of plants, as it suggested that all parts of a plant - from leaves to stems to roots - are composed of individual units known as cells.

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proposed that all animal tissues are made up of cells. This was a significant contribution to the understanding of the structure of animals, as it suggested that all parts of an animal - from muscle tissue to nerve tissue to bone tissue - are composed of individual units known as cells.

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 Rudolf Virchow made the axiom ‘Cells arise from pre-existing cells’, 1855 

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 Rudolf Virchow made the axiom ‘Cells arise from pre-existing cells’, 1855 

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Virchow realized that cells do not simply appear out of nowhere - they must come from other cells. He proposed that cells divide and give rise to new cells, which then go on to divide themselves. This process of cell division is now known as the cell cycle, and it is a fundamental aspect of how living organisms grow and reproduce.

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Studied mitosis chromatin preparations, using genetic material from the fins and gills of salamanders as the only source. He was also one of the first to use anilines to differentiate the constituent elements of cells.

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Ernst Ruska develops the electron microscope, allowing scientists to see cells and other structures in much greater detail.

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Ernst Ruska (1906-1988) was a German physicist and one of the inventors of the electron microscope. He was born in Heidelberg, Germany and grew up in Munich. Ruska studied electrical engineering at the Technical University of Munich and earned his Ph.D. in physics from the Technical University of Berlin in 1933.

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The field of molecular biology emerges, allowing scientists to study the molecular basis of cellular processes.
The field of molecular biology is focused especially on nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA) and proteins—macromolecules that are essential to life processes—and how these molecules interact and behave within cells.

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In 2010, advances in stem cell research and gene therapies offered new possibilities for treating serious diseases and injuries. Stem cells, which are non-specialized cells that can become any type of cell in the body, have been used in clinical trials to treat diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and spinal cord injuries.