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Cochlear Implant (no date) healthdirect. Healthdirect Australia. Available at: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cochlear-implant (Accessed: March 28, 2023).

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Contains a translator on the outer ear and a receptor in the inner ear.

The translator will contain the database.

The receptor will detect the sound, send the signals to the translator.

The sound waves in the desired language will be sent back to the receptor where it can pass through the ear canal.

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Sound waves enter the cochlea.

In the cochlea, the database converts the sound waves to the desired language.

This translated sound wave is then converted to an electrical signal .

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The earrings will act as an external hearing device.

It detects sounds, translates them using the database and vocally repeats this into the ear.

The desired language then passes through the ear as sound waves.

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Each translation device will contain an electrical database.

The database will contain all the words, in all languages across the world.

It will be able to translate phrases and sentences into the desired language.

The database will be owned by a larger company, with limited access. This would prevent alterations by the general public, which may lead to mistranslation.

The database will be accessed using an app. This allows the individuals to filter and select their desired language.

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The way google translate utilises its audio and camera features to instantly translate languages was our initial inspiration.

We thought about how incorporating instantaneous translation of languages to human biology could bridge the gap between cultures, making communication easier than ever.

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It could process words in day to day life and relay that information to the brain in a chosen language.

‘The Entire History of You’ episode of Black Mirror has a contact lens-like device that records daily activities and stores the information. This can then be replayed later by the individual for themselves or for others. Instead of storing recordings, this technology could be manipulated to store a library of vocabulary and grammar in a database that recognises language and alters the reality of what the individual sees - similar to how the google translate camera feature works.

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Cochlear implants already exist. If the device could be altered to have a translational aspect, it could reconnect those that have severe hearing loss and also bring the whole world together with instant conversational translation.

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Ultimately we decided to explore the idea with the ear as we thought that conversational translation could be a more useful tool to enhance human connection when compared to visual translation.

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Additional research into processing sounds around the cochlea (Anna)

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Additional research into processing sounds around the cochlea (Anna)

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- Stereocillia sit on top of hair cells
- When the hair cells move ( due to the sound waves moving the fluid inside the cochlea), ions pass through the Stereocillia and into the hair cells
- This causes neurotransmitters to be released at the bottom of the hair cells
- The neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptors on auditory nerve cells
- This converts the sound waves into an electrical signal
- The electrical signal then travels to the brain along the auditory nerve

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Sound information is transmitted to various areas of the brain such as the auditory cortex within the temporal lobe via auditory pathways. These pathways decode and distinguish between important and less relevant sounds.

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Pinna- filters and amplifies sound waves before they moved along into the ear canal.

Eardrum- thin layer of a membrane that vibrates when hit by sound waves and attached to a chain of small bones, ossicles.

Ossicles- smallest bones in the body and function as a lever to amplify sound energy when it moves from a large tympanic membrane to a smaller window.

Cochlea- fluid filled and snail shaped inner ear that contains the organ of Corti, where vibrations are transformed into electrical energy- Anna extra research

Stereocillia- microscopic hair like projections that bend due to the movement of hair sensory cells and when open allow chemicals to rush in and create an electrical signal.

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1. Sound waves hit the outer ear (pinna)

2. Sound moves through to the middle ear and the sound waves are amplified

3. Sound moves and vibrates through the inner ear (cochlea)

4. Signals are interpreted by the brain and translated into electrical signals to travel through auditory nerve pathways

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Structure:

Earbuds with microphone record phrases and transfer them to a chip for language detection and translation.

Transducer on user's temple emits vibrations to create audible sound; app allows setting of desired language(s) for translation.

Mechanism of action:

Vibrations pass through middle ear ossicles, amplifying them before reaching the cochlea.

Bone conduction allows direct transmission to cochlea, converting vibrations to electrical signals sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Benefits:
+ Comfort when being worn for prolonged periods of time.
+ Increased situational awareness and safety as external sounds can still be heard.

Limitations:
- Sound quality may not be as developed and sounds may not be as clear.
- Difficulties transmitting certain frequencies
- Higher cost than regular earbuds.

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Glasses with built-in camera and image recognition software to detect and translate text into user-selected language.

Translated text is displayed as an overlay on glasses' display or played through speakers at the rear end of the glasses.

Benefits:
+ Addresses written text, which devices focused on sound would not.
+ Non-invasive, can be used when needed.
+ Serves regular function of glasses as well.

Limitation:
- Certain types of calligraphy/handwriting may not be understood.
- An overlay may distract users, which may pose a safety threat.

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1. Translation memory

-        Don’t need to translate content that has already been translated

-        The software will suggest an existing translation for a given passage of text when you work on a similar or identical passage, and you can choose to use the recommendation or not

2. Term base

-        The software has a database of single- or multi-word terms along with their meanings, examples of how they are used, and translations into one or more languages.

Similar to an improved version of a dictionary

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- At first, was statistical machine translation

- The original language was translated into English first, then the target language

- Translation was based on documents from the UN and European Parliament

- Statistical machine translation has some flaws so google translate switched to neural machine translation in 2016

- It compares the entire phrase at once from a wider variety of linguistic sources, which ensures higher accuracy
- However, neural machine translation (NMT) struggles with rare words, and is computationally expensive.

- So Google’s NMT system uses a network that has 8 encoder and 8 decoder layers, attention, and residual connections to improve parallelism (the ability to perform multiple computations simultaneously). It also divides words into common sub-tori units to handle rare words.

- This system reduces translation error by an average of 60% compared to the old system.

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- Effective communication is essential to connecting and forming relationships with other people in social settings, school, work etc.
- Being unable to communicate properly can lead to depression, behaviour problems in adulthood
- Our device can help make processes easier and more efficient eg. Being in a foreign country and ordering food
- Help in work settings so people can work with others from different countries without the language barrier in all industries eg. Science, research, corporate, healthcare, teaching

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- People may get dependent on the device and it may add to technology taking away the 'human' element of certain things eg. when using in instances such as travelling/tourists, it can take away the charm/fun of learning a new language
- If it doesn't work - miscommunication - can lead to issues eg. In emergency situations in healthcare settings
- Accessibility to device - cost may be high
- Aesthetics

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- Tourists travelling to other countries
- Help people connect with others who they otherwise might not be able to because they speak other languages
- More efficient use of time for certain occupations

Eg. Healthcare professionals who have patients who don't speak their language

- Language processing disorder (LPD)

Receptive language disorder: a communication disorder where people have difficulty understanding others

Unrelated to hearing loss/intelligence

Prevents them from communicating and connecting with others

5% of children in UK have one, many undiagnosed

- Children with language disorders/developmental problem

Autism

Learning disability

Hearing problem

Damage to CNS

Brain injury - aphasia

Stroke

- Deafness - cochlea isn't working effectively

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Some unique phrases in certain languages might not translate well or convey the correct meaning, like dialects.

Some methods could be invasive, making potential users hesitant; tech improvements may require device changes, discouraging users.

High costs for research and production could be a problem.

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-Andrea Vella
-Anna Rose
-Dualta McGrath
-Ruiruxue Wang
-Sabiha Tania
-Sanya Narang
-Victoria Sultan