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Gel Electrophoresis

A technique used to separate segments of DNA based on their size using an electric current .

DNA is first cut using special enzymes called restriction enzymes. The DNA sample is loaded into an agarose gel . An electric charge is applied to the gel. The negativity charged DNA moves toward the positive side of the gel. DNA fragments are separated by size . Smaller fragments move the furthest while larger fragments will be closer to the loading well. These are seen as bands within the gel .

It’s called DNA fingerprinting because when you touch things and leave fingerprints you are leaving a trace of your DNA with your fingerprint . Plus every ones fingerprint are different . If you leave a perfect fingerprint somewhere then it can only be traced back to you as an exact match .

It can be used for
- can separate proteins (RNA and other gene products like polypeptides) by size and charge
- identity structural forms of plasmid DNA - diseased tissue.

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Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetically modified organisms are also known as “GMO”. Genetically modified organisms are organisms that have their genomes change in a way that is not natural.
The process of creating GMOs is called genetic modification or genetic engineering. When creating a GMO you have to modify specific characteristics by using special equipment to delete or change the organism.
When DNA is manipulated into a GMO, new dna is transferred in plant cells, cells then grow into tissue culture and turn into plants. Then the seeds produce and create a new DNA.
Genetically Modified Organisms are usually used for beneficial reasons/uses
A few example are
-GM corn, corn is one of the most common crops in the U.S. to be a gmo (usually gm to resists pests/insects
-GM bacteria developed  a gene for insulin added to their genome. It produces large quantities of insulin as they grow, which is then extracted and used by people with diabetes.
Somethings that aren’t GMOs and are mistaken for GMOs are for example, when organisms mate, offspring get bits of DNA from both parents. mutations arise as a result of mistakes when DNA is copied. environmental factors like UV radiation can create changes in DNA.
For mor information check out https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-gmo

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Cancer is caused by a mutation in genes by acceleration cell division rates or stopping controls in the system, If a person has an error in a dna repair gene, mistakes remain uncorrected, then the mistakes become mutations and the mutations may eventually lead to cancer. smoke, hormones, radiation, and diet can all lead to cancer. The difference between radiation & chemotherapy (treatments) are that chemotherapy delivers drugs to the whole body while radiation aims to the specific target. Immunotherapy is used to combat DNA mutations by Mutations make tumors stand out to the immune system and it makes it easier for the immunotherapy to find.Targeted therapy to precisly identify and attack certain types of cancer cells Used to optimize efficiency or therapeutic benefit for particular groups of paitents.

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DNA and athletic abilities

What is an ACTN3 test? The ACNT3 test is a gene that most people inherit that have more muscle strength and physical abilities.

What can the results of the ACTN3 test show us? It can show us that if we have this gene we might have more physical abilities than others that don’t.

What is the ACE gene? The ACE gene provides instructions for making angiotensin-converting enzymes that regulate blood pressure and body fluids.

Do you believe that children should undergo a genetic screening to see what types of sports they are suited for? I think they should to give them preferences on what they might be good at and what not.

Do you believe that a person should alter their genes if a screening shows that they don’t have an “athletic” gene? I think if they wanted to do it bad enough they should since its their body and it’s something they really want to do.

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Explain the job of a taxonomist in a student-friendly way.

Taxonomists are professionals who specialize in classifying and sorting information based on an established system. Taxonomists work in a range of fields to identify and describe various concepts or organisms then sorting them based on similar characteristics and patterns. Scientific and information-based fields both have a strong need for taxonomists. This article explains the basics of taxonomy, outlines what assets a taxonomist brings to the workplace and explains how to get started hiring a qualified taxonomist .

Describe how taxonomy has changed how we classify living things now that we can analyze DNA / genomes.

It wasn't until the early 20th century that we had any real idea of what DNA is, much less a gene, much less the significance of genetics in classification. We now understand that DNA is the blueprint molecule containing an organism's genetic code. The field of genetics involves the study of genes, segments of DNA that code for specific traits, behaviors, or other characteristics of organisms.

Compare the genetic material of any two organisms from this website. In the middle of the comparison, you’ll see how many genes the two organisms have in common. Share an image of which comparison most surprises you.

The one that surprises me the most is a dolphin and a potato have 2,458 genes in common.

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Angie DNA

DNA contains genetic information, they say that it works as an instruction manual for life. DNA is in the part of the cell called the nucleus.

DNA is a hereditary material. Family members such as siblings, parents and children share some of the same DNA as their parents. That is how we know that they are closely related.

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Cancer & Therapy Options

What is cancer?
cancer is mutations in genes by acceleration

cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system.

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What does the recipient have to do to prepare to receive an organ?
Some organs that are able to be transplanted to other humans are liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, lung, intestine, and cornea.

What does the recipient have to do to prepare to receive an organ?
You must receive a referral then gather information and sought out a transplant center. After that schedule an evaluation appointment.

Does DNA transfer occur in organ transplant patients?
When a patient receives an organ fro another body the organs DNA to another patients DNA.

What factors are looked at to determine if the donor and the receiver are a match?
The doctors look at the blood type, body size, and the severity of the receivers condition.

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What are stem cells? Stem cells are cells that can develop into many different types of cells in the body.

* Why are stem cells more beneficial when they are “young”? When you're a young person without any health problems, you're a main person for a stem cell banking because as mentioned in various studies, your younger MSCs will have a much better chance of responding to ailments

* How do unspecialized cells become specialized? A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can and under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells

* What are the benefits of stem cell therapy? People who might get from stem cell therapies include those with spinal cord injuries, type 1 diabetes, and many other things

* In what way(s) is stem cell therapy considered controversial? In the United States, the people ask of when human life begins has been highly in disagreement and closely linked to debates over abortion.

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The Actn3 is a gene that encodes for a protein expressed and to help people know if they have a athletic gene.this helps people see if they want to do Sports when there older. Some of the test results will show that they have to do a blood test and cheek swab which has no risk.

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Gel electrophoresis has the function of detecting DNA, and helps to separate the molecules depending on their size. DNA samples are loaded into wells at one end of a gel and an electric current is applied to drag them through the gel. Also it helps the police with a crime because it can tell who was close to that person before they passed away. The first

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Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)-

GMO= Genetically modified organisms
GMOs are organisms that have their genomes changed in an unnatural way.
Technology that involves inserting dna into the genome of an organism, new dna is transferred in plant cells, cells then grow into tissue culture and turn into plants. Then the seeds produce and create a new DNA.

Corn is one of the most common crops in the U.S. to be a gmo (usually gm to resists pests/insects.

salmon were GM so that it could grow at a faster rate.
The gmo crops that are used in animal feed and pet food, these crops are princibly used in livestock feed rations either as energy or protein.

-Farmers are to be better stewards of the environment, allowing farmers large and small to grow more crops on.
-GMOs help advance quality of food.
-GMOs are easier to cultivate.
-Ex: a plant is genetically modified to resist harsh weather conditions.

According to research some gmos can cause/trigger allergic reactions, environmental issues, toxicity, produce superbugs,  etc.

CRISPR-Is a family of dna sequences, found in the genomes of prokayric organism such as bacteria etc. these sequences are from dna fragments of bacteria. They are used to detect and destroy other dnas from simulars.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms to make useful chemicals and products to perform a task. Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science and medicine.
A few examples of everyday biotechnology are the development of vaccines, pest resistant crops, detergents, biofuels and even paper. While achievements from biotechnology can definitely help our lives be easier, it is also controversial. Privacy and affordability are just a few of the issues debated about biotechnology.
Check out this article to learn more about some of the products that have been created because of biotechnology. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/biotechnology-types-examples-applications.php

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Tracing DNA ancestry is the process of looking at DNA in order to find common ancestors. This is used in order to find common ancestors between species. It’s also used to see how long ago these common ancestors lived. Some people don’t want to know about DNA ancestry however.