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https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-amiens

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Battle of Amiens: Key Facts

Participants

United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France
Germany

Casualties (approximate)

19,000 Allied casualties (including 11,800 Canadians)
26,000 German casualties

Surprise Attack

By July 1918, Allied forces in the First World War held a superior position on Europe's Western Front; troops from the United States were also pouring in to reinforce the war effort. Allied commanders decided it was time to switch from defence to offence and push German forces out of France. As part of this, French General Ferdinand Foch planned an attack in the Amiens region of northern France that would protect the vital Paris-Amiens railway.

The attacking force comprised the Canadian Corps ( see Canadian Expeditionary Force), the British Fourth Army, the French First Army, the Australian Corps and others. In early August, the Allies tricked the Germans by appearing to weaken their front line so that German officers expected no assault. Troops moved to the front lines at night to fool the enemy. False moves were also made in daylight, amid much noise, dust and bogus radio communication.

Secrecy was so important that the soldiers saw the warning "KEEP YOUR MOUTH SHUT" added to their service and pay book.

Combined-arms Assault

The Allies sneaked into position with thousands of heavy and super-heavy field guns, howitzers, more than 600 tanks, and 2,000 aircraft. The Germans were greatly outnumbered and, in the words of German military chief Erich Ludendorff, "depressed down to Hell." The Germans were protected by three lines of trenches, which were poorly wired for communications and without good dugout shelters.

The Canadian Corps was assigned to hit the German Fourth Army. The attack was scheduled for 8 August at 4:20 a.m. Unlike earlier attacks in the war, the Amiens assault would not be preceded by bombardment. This would keep the assault secret as long as possible.

A Royal Air Force squadron laid smoke screens over the battlefield to hide the attacking Canadians. A heavy mist also concealed no man's land as the attack grew nearer on that moonless night. At exactly 4:20 a.m., 900 Allied guns opened fire and the infantry headed toward the German lines. Tanks roared across the battlefield and planes droned overhead.

The Germans were entirely unprepared for this scale of attack and many surrendered at the first chance. Allied soldiers fought through woods to clear German machine-gun positions and take prisoners. The tanks lagged behind, struggling across boggy terrain and in thick fog. Canadian forces captured several key targets and pressed forward amid waves of German prisoners being marched back behind Allied lines.

After 8 August, the Allied assault slowed but continued for another three days as it pressed through fields thick with tangles of barbed wire, abandoned trenches and a mess of shell holes.

Canadian troops clearing dug-outs during the Battle of Amiens, August, 1918.

Significance

The Battle of Amiens ended on 11 August. It was Germany's worst defeat since the start of the war. In their sector of the attack, the Canadians pushed the Germans back as many as 12 km, a huge achievement in a war often fought over metres. It came at the cost of more than 11,800 Canadian casualties. This included 1,036 Canadians killed, 2,803 injured and 29 taken prisoner on 8 August, the first day of the battle. Overall, more than 19,000 Allied soldiers were killed or injured, while the Germans lost more than 26,000 casualties. The Canadian Corps captured 5,033 prisoners and 161 guns.

Ludendorff described the opening day of the battle, 8 August, as "the black day of the German Army in the history of this war . . . Everything I had feared, and of which I had so often given warning, had here, in one place, become a reality."

Ludendorff informed German Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German disaster at Amiens. The Kaiser replied,

"We have reached the limits of our capacity. The war must be terminated."

Indeed, Amiens sparked the Hundred Days campaign, the successful Allied push that would drive the Germans backwards until their ultimate defeat, and result in the signing of the armistice on 11 November 1918.

Victoria Crosses

Canadian Corps soldiers received more than 3,000 decorations for their bravery during the Battle of Amiens. This included several Victoria Crosses, the British Empire's highest award for military valour.

One VC recipient was Harry Miner, a 27-year-old corporal and farmer from Ontario, who rushed three enemy posts. He attacked two of them by himself and turned a captured machine gun on the Germans. Miner ran alone into an enemy bombing post, killed two soldiers and chased the rest off before a German grenade killed him. His actions earned him a posthumousVictoria Cross,

Lieutenant Jean Brillant, a 28-year-old from Quebec, rushed ahead of one mop-up operation to capture a German machine-gun post. He was wounded but the next day led two platoons to capture 15 more machine guns and 150 prisoners. He was wounded again and led a charge against a German gun firing on his fellow soldiers. He was wounded a third time and died. Brilliant was also awarded the Victoria Cross.

Private John Bernard Croak, Corporal Herman James Good, Lieutenant James Edward Tait, Sergeant Raphael Louis Zengel, Corporal Frederick George Coppins and Lance Corporal Alexander Picton Brereton also received VCs for their bravery during the Battle of Amiens. Two other soldiers of the Canadian Corps received VCs for their actions on 12-13 August, following the official end of the battle: Private Thomas Dinesen and Sergeant Robert Spall.

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Participants United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France Germany Casualties (approximate) 19,000 Allied casualties (including 11,800 Canadians) 26,000 German casualties By July 1918, Allied forces in the First World War held a superior position on Europe's Western Front; troops from the United States were also pouring in to reinforce the war effort.

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https://www.veterans.gc.ca/pdf/cr/pi-sheets/pi_passchendaele_en.pdf

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https://www.veterans.gc.ca/pdf/cr/pi-sheets/Vimy_eng.pdf

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https://www.veterans.gc.ca/pdf/cr/pi-sheets/Hill-70-EN.pdf

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https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/battles-and-stages/battle-of-the-somme

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The Canadian Corps and the Battle of the Somme - Veterans Affairs Canada

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https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng//remembrance/battles-and-stages/battle-of-ypres

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Canadians move to the front

In the first week of April 1915, the Canadian troops were moved from their quiet sector to a bulge in the Allied line in front of the City of Ypres. This was the famed-or notorious-Ypres Salient, where the British and Allied line pushed into the German line in a concave bend. The Germans held the higher ground and were able to fire into the Allied trenches from the north, the south and the east. On the Canadian right were two British divisions, and on their left a French division, the 45th (Algerian).

A new weapon: poison gas

Here on April 22, the Germans sought to remove the Salient by introducing a new weapon, poison gas. Following an intensive artillery bombardment, they released 160 tons of chlorine gas from cylinders dug into the forward edge of their trenches into a light northeast wind. As thick clouds of yellow-green chlorine drifted over their trenches the French defences crumbled, and the troops, completely bemused by this terrible weapon, died or broke and fled, leaving a gaping 6.5 kilometre hole in the Allied line.

Germans on the offensive

German troops pressed forward, threatening to sweep behind the Canadian trenches and put 50,000 Canadian and British troops in deadly jeopardy. Fortunately the Germans had planned only a limited offensive and, without adequate reserves, were unable to exploit the gap the gas created. In any case their own troops, themselves without any adequate protection against gas, were highly suspicious of the new weapon. After advancing only 3.25 kilometres they stopped and dug in.

Fighting throughout the night

All through the night the Canadian troops fought to close the gap. In addition they mounted a counter-attack to drive the enemy out of Kitcheners' Wood, an oak plantation near St. Julien. In the morning two more disastrous attacks were made against enemy positions. Little ground was gained and casualties were extremely heavy, but these attacks bought some precious time to close the flank.

Canadians hold the line

The fierce battle of St. Julien lay ahead. On April 24, the Germans attacked in an attempt to obliterate the Salient once and for all. Another violent bombardment was followed by another gas attack in the same pattern as before. This time the target was the Canadian line. Here, through terrible fighting, withered with shrapnel and machine-gun fire, hampered by their issued Ross rifles which jammed, violently sick and gasping for air through soaked and muddy handkerchiefs, they held on until reinforcements arrived.

Heavy losses for Canada

Thus, in their first major appearance on a European battlefield, the Canadians established a reputation as a formidable fighting force. Congratulatory messages were cabled to the Canadian Prime Minister. But the cost was high. In these 48 hours, 6,035 Canadians, one man in every three, became casualties of whom more than 2,000 died. They were heavy losses for Canada's little force whose men had been civilians only several months before-a grim forerunner of what was still to come.

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In the first week of April 1915, the Canadian troops were moved from their quiet sector to a bulge in the Allied line in front of the City of Ypres. This was the famed-or notorious-Ypres Salient, where the British and Allied line pushed into the German line in a concave bend.