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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)(Allphsych.2018)

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)(Allphsych.2018)

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Axis I: Clinical Syndromes
This is what we typically think of as the diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social phobia)

Axis II: Developmental Disorders and Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are clinical syndromes that tend to have longer lasting symptoms and encompass the individual’s way of interacting with the world.  They include Paranoid, Antisocial, and Borderline Personality Disorders.

Axis III: Physical Conditions
Physical conditions such as brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness are included here.

Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors
Events in a persons life, such as death of a loved one, starting a new job, college, unemployment, and even marriage can impact the disorders listed in Axis I and II.  These events are both listed and rated for this axis.

Axis V: Highest Level of Functioning
Clinician rates the person’s level of functioning both at the present time and the highest level within the previous year.

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Is an updated version of the DSM-IV, known as the DSM-IV-TR.

Appendix D—DSM-IV-TR Mood Disorders

"In substance abuse treatment settings, you are likely to encounter clients with a variety of diagnoses of depressive illnesses. Most of these diagnoses fall in the category of Mood Disorders, as specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000). You can, however, also work with people who have a diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood. Additionally, people with a variety of other psychiatric illnesses are susceptible to depression, and some of those illnesses are described in this appendix." (NCBI. 2008)

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DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association) 

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DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association) 

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"Existing criteria have been updated in DSM-5 to provide more precise descriptions and reflect the scientific advances and clinical experience of the last two decades. Below are brief summaries of changes to
select disorders.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) incorporates four disorders from the previous manual: autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and the catch-all diagnosis of pervasive
developmental disorder not otherwise specified. People diagnosed with one of the separate DSM-IV disorders should still meet the criteria for autism spectrum disorder or a different DSM-5
diagnosis.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) now requires an individual’s symptoms to be present
prior to age 12, compared to 7 as the age of onset in DSM-IV.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) includes a new subtype for children younger than 6. This change
is based on recent research detailing what PTSD looks like in young children. Adding the developmental
subtype should help clinicians tailor treatment in a more age-appropriate and age-effective way.
Specific Learning Disorder no longer limits learning disorders to reading, mathematics and written
expression. Rather, the DSM-5 criteria describe shortcomings in general academic skills and provide
detailed specifiers. Just as in DSM-IV, dyslexia is included in the descriptive text.
Eating disorders previously listed among Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or
Adolescence are now listed in the Feeding and Eating Disorders chapter. They include pica, rumination
and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder."

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"Asperger’s syndrome was first described in the 1940s by Viennese pediatrician Hans Asperger, who observed autism-like behaviors and difficulties with social and communication skills in boys who had normal intelligence and language development. Many professionals felt Asperger’s syndrome was simply a milder form of autism and used the term “high-functioning autism” to describe these individuals. Uta Frith, a professor at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience of University College London and editor of Autism and Asperger Syndrome, describes individuals with Asperger’s as “having a dash of autism.”

Asperger’s Disorder was added to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) in 1994 as a separate disorder from autism. However, there are still many professionals who consider Asperger’s Disorder a less severe form of autism. In 2013, the DSM-5 replaced Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders with the umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder." (AutismSociety)

"Individuals with Asperger’s Disorder usually want to fit in and have interaction with others, but often they don’t know how to do it. They may be socially awkward, not understand conventional social rules or show a lack of empathy. They may have limited eye contact, seem unengaged in a conversation and not understand the use of gestures or sarcasm."

"A person with Asperger’s Disorder cannot have a “clinically significant” cognitive delay, and most possess average to above-average intelligence.

While motor difficulties are not a specific criterion for Asperger’s, children with Asperger’s Disorder frequently have motor skill delays and may appear clumsy or awkward."

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"The mindblindness theory- The mindblindness theory proposes that children with autism and Asperger’s syndrome are delayed in the development of their ToM, leaving them with degrees of mindblindness. As a consequence, they find other people’s behaviour confusing and unpredictable, even frightening.
The empathising-systemising (E-S) theory
This newer theory explains the social and communication difficulties in autism and Asperger’s syndrome by reference to delays and deficits in empathy, whilst explaining the areas of strength by reference to intact or even superior skill in systemising (Baron-Cohen, 2002).
The extreme male brain theory
The E-S theory has been extended into the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism (Baron-Cohen, 2002). This is because there are clear sex differences in empathising (females performing better on many such tests) and in systemising (males performing better on tests of this). Autism and Asperger’s syndrome can be seen as an extreme of the typical male profile, a view first put forward by the paediatrician Hans Asperger. To see how this theory is effectively just an extension of the E-S theory, one needs to understand that that theory posits two independent dimensions (E for empathy and S for systemising) in which individual differences are observed in the population."

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 Famous Researchers of Autism (MAsters in Education Program Guide)

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 Famous Researchers of Autism (MAsters in Education Program Guide)

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1. Ms. Portia Iversen is the founder of the Innovative Technology for Autism (ITA) and the International Meeting For Autism Research (IMFAR). She is also the co-founder of The Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) and The Cure Autism Now Foundation (CAN), which is now part of Autism Speaks. Ms. Iversen’s passion for ASD research began in 1995, shortly after her son was diagnosed with autism.
2. Dr. Martha Herbert, a pediatric neurologist and neuroscientist and a brain development researcher, was awarded with the first Cure Autism Now Innovator Award. She also served on the Scientific Advisory Committee of Autism Speaks for five years.
3. Dr. Ami Klin, Chief of Autism and Related Disorders at the Marcus Autism Center, is known for his study into high-tech eye tracking as a sign of autism. The hope through his research is that early detection and intervention can be provided for babies. Dr. Klin also works in the Department of Pediatrics at Emory University School of Medicine.

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Famous People with Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Famous People with Autism Spectrum Disorders

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1. Dr. Temple Grandin
is an autistic activist that has given a great deal to the field. While living her life with autism, she has shared her story and inspired others with this disorder. Grandin has appeared on many major media programs (Today Show, Larry King Live) and has written for popular magazines (Time, People, Forbes). She received a doctoral degree in animal science from the University of Illinois in Champaign in 1989.
2. Abraham Lincoln

Like Williams, America's sixteenth President, Abraham Lincoln, also suffered from depression. Also, he also preferred a strict routine over spontaneity. Together, these things have led experts to believe that Lincoln too may have been on the spectrum.
3. Albert Einstein

Because of social development issues experienced in his childhood that prevented him from interacting normally with others, experts have concluded that genius Albert Einstein was, in fact, autistic. Like Aykroyd, Einstein was once expelled due to his inability to pay attention in school.
4. Bill Gates – Co-founder of the Microsoft Corporation