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Income is one of the reasons I'm most intrigued by.

"Stanford researcher Sean Reardon, a frequently cited expert on the topic, has found that the gap in reading and math test scores between children in families with low and high incomes was twice as large as the gap between white and black students, for example."

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If nothing is helping, what is the next step?

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If nothing is helping, what is the next step?

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Preschool Reforms- Knowledge was increased but it did not stick.
Teacher Reforms- Improving the quality of teachers. "So if every teacher in every American classroom were effective, then all students—black and white—would have an effective teacher and student achievement across the board would rise." Trying to have black teachers teach black students (there was a slight improvement in success) but this could open up more issues.
Smaller class sizes- Results are mixed on this. There is no obvious advantage.
Instructional Reforms- The Sucess For All program,
promotion and retention policies- Results are also mixed. So many different factors in play it is difficult to know the effectiveness.
Standards-based Reforms- No Child Left Behind Act

Nothing seems to really be helping.
"But most education interventions actually exacerbate the gap"

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Is testing a fair way to examine the gap? 

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Is testing a fair way to examine the gap? 

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Not every student is a great test taker. I know this wouldn't apply to every student but it should be considered. Final grades would be an interesting way to evaluate it.

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It seems in both there is a substantial difference between races when considering their test scores

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Are there differences between New Jersey and North Carolina?

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Are there differences between New Jersey and North Carolina?

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social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation.

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What is test bias and could it play a role?

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What is test bias and could it play a role?

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Educational tests are considered biased if a test design, or the way results are interpreted and used, systematically disadvantages certain groups of students over others, such as students of color, students from lower-income backgrounds, students who are not proficient in the English language, or students who are not fluent in certain cultural customs and traditions.

Some of what I read has said there is no evidence that test bias plays a role

Wouldn't the test just show the achievement gap, not cause or increase it?

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https://www.edglossary.org/achievement-gap/

https://www.gse.upenn.edu/news/rethinking-achievement-gap

http://www.corestandards.org/standards-in-your-state/

https://www.epi.org/press/achievement-gaps-exist-as-early-as-when-children-begin-kindergarten/

https://www.childtrends.org/the-other-achievement-gap-poverty-and-academic-success

https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/reardon%20whither%20opportunity%20-%20chapter%205.pdf

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One article discusses the gap between white and black children. The gap beginning around 3 or 4.  This surprised me considering they aren't in a consistent school setting yet. He then continues to state that the increase in the gap does not grow once they are in school but during the summer.

Another article supports the previous one. The gap begins and is already large by the time the children reach kindergarten. They say this is because of socioeconomic status.
"existing evidence linking parents’ economic resources to children’s school readiness by showing that, in addition to gaps in cognitive skills such as math and reading, gaps in noncognitive skills like persistence, self-control, and social skills exist between socioeconomically disadvantaged and advantaged children."

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41 states and the District of Columbia, four territories, and the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) follow the same standards.
But some completely withdrew
and others are appealing either certain aspects or the entire thing

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Race- A difference in performance based on ethnicity
Gender- Difference between male and female students
Income- Whether you come from a high or low-income family
Parents and Family- Your family's educational background

Race and Income seems to be the most common

Could location be a reason? Could the state you live in play a factor in the learning gap?

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refers to any significant and persistent disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between different groups of students, such as white students and minorities, for example, or students from higher-income and lower-income households.

https://www.edglossary.org/achievement-gap/