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Definition: Are molecules made up of the union of several amino acids.

What is an amino acid (aa)?
Group of organiccompounds or small molecules that are the building blocks for a protein

Types:
- Amino acid = 1 aa
- Peptid:
· olygopeptid = 2-10 aa
· polypeptid = 11-100 aa
- Proteins = <100

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Definition: Translation is the synthesis of a protein from a mRNA template

Where is performed:
-Eukariotic cells:
In ribosomes
-Prokaryotic cells:
In ribosomes

Elemtents needed
-mRNA
-Ribosomes
-Release factor

Stages:
1. Initiation:
- Small unit of ribosome recognises the cap (5') an attaches the initiation site (AUG).
- The tRNA with Met joins the codon
- The large unit of ribosome joins the small one.
- The tRNA is placed in the P-site of ribosomes.

2. Elongation:
- Methionine is transfered to the A-site amino acid.
- The first tRNA exists and enters the next
- Elongation finish when the release factor appears.

3. Termination
- The ribosome dissociates.
- The protein is released.

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Definition: Is the process in which DNA is  transformed in RNA

Where is performed:
- Eukaryotic cells:
In the nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells:
In the cytoplasm.

Elements needed:
-DNA
-Phosphate
-RNA bases:
A, U, C, G
- Ribose
- Enzymes:

RNA polymerase

Stages:

1. Initation: The RNA polymerase look for the promoter and separates the 2 strands. The transcription starts at the end of the promoter.

2. Elongation: During elongation the complementary  RNA strand is synthesise. RNA polymerase is also the enzyme in charge. The DNA is separated where the RNA is formed. It ends when it reaches the next enzyme.

3. Termination: The RNA polymerase recieves the termination site. RNA is released.

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Definition: Is the process in which DNA duplicates itself into an identical copy, during the S stage of the cell cycle. One of the strands during this process is new, so this means that is semiconservative.

Where is performed:
- Eukaryotic cells:
In the nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells:
In the cytoplasm.

Elements needed:
- Enzymes:

Helicase

Primase

DNA polymerase

Exonuclease

DNA ligase

- DNA template
- Nitrogenous bases:
A, T, C, G
- Replication fork
- Primer
- Okazaki fragments
- Leading strand
- Lagging strand

Stages :

1. Separation of the DNA into two strands forming the replication fork done by the helicase.

2. -Leading strand, which is continuous and from 5' to 3':                                A. The primase makes the primer, a small fragment of RNA.            B. DNA  polymerase looks for the primer to add different bases from 5' to 3'.                                      -Lagging strand, is no continuous so it should be made in small fragments called Okazaki fragments.

3. The exonuclease removes the primer.

4.  DNA polymerase fills the gap

5. DNA ligase joins all the fragments of the DNA into a semiconservative way.

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Definition: It is a molecule that carries genetic information in a cell, and it consist of two chromatid strands in a doble helix pattern.

Where is it performed:
- Prokaryotic: cytoplasm.
- Eurkaryotic: nucleous, but in mitochondria and chloroplast.

Components:
- Nitrogenous bases: Adecine, Guanine, Thymine,m Cytosine.
- Phosphate: P
- Deoxyribose: All the elements gain are called nucleotics.
Deoxyribose  + RNA = Nucleosides

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Definition: It consists of a single chain which has ribose nucleotides instead deoxyribose nucleotides, have only one strand.

Where is performed:
-Prokaryotic cells: In the cytoplasm
-Eukaryotic cells: In the cytoplasm and in the rough endoplasmatic reticulum.

Components:

Sugar: Ribose

Phosphate

RNA Nitrogenous bases:

A, U, C, G

Types of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA): This is a copy of the genetic message from the the DNA that is needed to synthesise a protein.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): This forms part of the ribosomes. Here amino acids are joined together to make protein chains.

Transfer RNA (tRNA): This transports the amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.