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R&D in particular would requre a sophisticated system of communication, especially in regard to how routines are followed, as well as reporting findings and unsuccessful research. This may be more difficult when done overseas, as there is far less control.

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Uncertainty/opportunistic behavior (outsourcing). You would not have the same amount of control regarding R&D, and withholding information/information asymmetry is a greater risk.

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Increased distance, both geographically and culturally, increases the probablility for misunderstanding critical information. Maybe especially relevant in software.

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Potential political move within the company that can cause major internal strife
Paul David

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Post Trump I would say there is a less globalization and more protectionist behavior by governments .
Paul David

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mimetic behavior
Paul David

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Technology has enabled more digital assets which leads to more flexibility but with the same upside as the more commited modes. You can move more freely around and in/out of modes. Like Google China and Google Australia.

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Reduce costs and also different cultures and backgrounds could provide different inputs and different expertise which could be needed in the business functions.

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I  think it would be easier due to the increased availability of service providers in the more recent years.

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I would sum up saying that it is matter of comparative advantage of some locations

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Access to lower-priced input factors, e.g., reduced labour costs. In the 1970/80s, Western companies started to offshore their manufacturing to China. Today, we can observe a slowly increasing trend to shift manufacturing (especially light manufacturing, e.g., footwear, garment, etc. to Africa, as labour costs in China have increased over the years.

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In order to access new technologies and knowledge, enter into new markets and eventually reduce costs (when the new costs of production are lower than the costs of coordination).

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I believe the challenges with offshoring any of the above could make it hard to align/mirror the organizational architecture with the technical architecture. Which in turn leads to the challenges that Magnus mentions below.

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Digitalisation (transfer of information, knowledge, etc) both increase the speed of starting new businesses globally, but since competition is more and more global, it makes it harder.

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IT: Security risk
R&D: (potentially) not connected with HQ activities etc.