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John Dalton imposed an Atomic Theory that became the basis of Chemistry.
His theory contained 5 main proposition's
1. All matter is comprised of tiny, definite particles called Atoms.
2. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible (which is false due to atoms consists of electrons and a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons)
3. All atoms of a particular element share identical properties (including weight)
4. Atoms of different elements contain different mass.
5. Atoms of different elements combine in fixed, whole number ratios when forming compounds.

This theory later became the theoretical foundation in chemistry.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJ-6Qy05u_Q&feature=emb_logo

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J.J Thompson was one of the main people who helped discover electrons in atoms.

He discovered that the electrons have a negative charge and he believed that atoms were large positive spheres filled with negatively charged electrons inside.

He used the Plum Pudding Model to later prove his discovery that the atom was a large positive sphere of matter with negative electrons randomly scattered within it, just as the raisins are scattered in the pudding.

We later learn though that the atom is actually not a huge positive space with negative charges randomly scattered around it. Which makes the Plum Pudding Model a little useless.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUJPyQtoB5E

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Ernest Rutherford used the Gold Foil Experiment to find his discovered

He found two observations in his experiment which were:
1. MOST of the alpha particles went through the gold foil
2. A FEW of the alpha particles went through the gold atoms

The two conclusions he drew out of it were:

Atoms are MOSTLY empty spaced

The particles must have bounced off a small, dense, positively charged nucleus.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBqHkraf8iE&feature=emb_logo

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Niels Bohr discovered the theory that electrons can circle the nucleus only in particular orbits of fixed size and energy.

Used the planetary model to also discover electron orbits

Each orbit has different amounts of energy

The farther away from the nucleus, the more power is loss.

Later on Bohr was proved wrong and electrons do not move in fixed paths.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXUqWlcZrss&feature=emb_logo

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Used the wave mechanical model to prove Bohr wrong.

His discovery showed that electrons have designed area, but didn't know how they travelled.

He called these area probability orbits.

Electrons move in a probable range called orbitals.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=accyCUzasa0&feature=emb_logo

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Physicist that discovered neutrons in atoms in 1932

Worked under Rutherford

According to the Novel Prize website it states that he found out neutrons are "elementary" particles devoid of any electrical change.