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Number of schools on 2017 which is primary school (7901) and secondary school (2586). However, the number of teacher in primary school like 11.6 and secondary school have 11.2 teachers.

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1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
- Malaysia’s efforts to eradicate poverty have always emphasised education and skills development, income generation, employment creation and provision of access to basic needs such as electricity, clean water, transportation and housing.
- The efforts from government includes increasing Income and economic potential, addressing higher cost of living and income vulnerability and enhancing delivery systems.

2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
- Malaysia has eradicated hunger and greatly reduced malnutrition through sustained efforts to supplement the dietary needs of children from hard-core poor families
- To address issues of malnutrition, a number of initiatives have been undertaken by the Ministry of Health (MOH).
- For example, the Rehabilitation Programme for Malnourished Children has been implemented to improve the nutritional status of children aged 6 months to 6 years from hard-core poor families

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
- Malaysia has made great strides in providing quality healthcare for its people since the 1960s.
- As of 2016, Malaysia continues to show progress in healthcare: Maternal and child health indicators show low rates in maternal and child mortality, high immunisation rates and more than 99 per cent of births handled by skilled healthcare workers.
- Addressing health financing and achieving cost-effective healthcare system are the ways to promote healthy lifestyle for Malaysians.

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1. ECONOMY & EMPLOYMENT
Sustained 6.2% per annum economic growth for 50 years. Full employment since 1992. Increase of female labour force participation rate to 54.1% in 2015.

2. INCOME INEQUALITIES
Reduced as indicated by lower Gini Coefficient from 0.513 (1970) to 0.401 (2014). Less than 1% poverty rate for male- and femaleheaded households.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOWMENT
Maintained 55.2% forest cover, 12.1% as terrestrial protected areas and 3.36% as marine protected areas. Malaysia participates in international transboundary conservation efforts, namely, Heart of Borneo initiatives for forests and Coral Triangle Initiatives for marine areas.

4. EDUCATION
97.2% enrollment rates for primary and 90% for secondary school for both boys and girls in 2016 and 48% enrollment for higher education in 2012 (70% higher than in 2002).

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Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

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Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

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1)  Maternal and child health indicators are looking positive.
*  99.4% births are handled by skilled health personnel (2015)
*  >90% immunisation coverage of BCG, MMR, DPT/Hib, polio and hepatitis (2014)
*  Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods

2) Communicable diseases are under control with sustained efforts
*  50%  decline in new HIV cases from 22 (2000) to 10.9 per 100,000 uninfected population (2015)
* 328  per 100,00 population in dengue incidence rates (2016), showing a slight decline despite rates doubling between 2009–2014.

3)  Noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors are being recognised and addressed
* 33.5%  prevalence physical inactivity in adults (2015)
* 47.7%  prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst adults (2015)
* 7.7%  prevalence of alcohol consumption with 59.4% of current alcohol users having harmful use of alcohol (binge drinking), while 43% of Malaysian men smoke; both increase risks to NCD (2015)
*29%  prevalence of mental health issues (2015)

(references: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/15881Malaysia.pdf and KPKM)

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Dalam konteks Malaysia, SDGs adalah sejajar dan menambah pada agenda pembangunan lestari yang telah pun ditetapkan dalam Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas 2016- 2020, yang bertujuan untuk memastikan tiada golongan masyarakat yang ketinggalan dalam pembangunan negara. Rancangan Malaysia ke-11 adalah "Anchoring Growth on People,"
di mana orang adalah hasil dari semua pembangunan
usaha, dilengkapi dengan memastikan bahawa tidak ada bahagian dari
masyarakat ketinggalan dalam mengambil bahagian dan memberi manfaat
dari pembangunan negara. Secara kritikal, RMK-11 adalah sejajar dengan sebahagian besar Pembangunan Lestari global (SDGs).

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SDGs merupakan satu matlamat yang perlu dicapai oleh setiap negara termasuk Malaysia. Dalam sistem perundangan Malaysia, masyarakat yang beragama islam perlu membayar zakat seperti zakat pendapatan, zakat perniagaan,zakat emas dan beberapa lagi jenis zakat.  Zakat tersebut mampu memenuhi dan mencapai matlamat SDGs.  Kemiskinan dapat dikurangkan dengan adanya sistem zakat. bantuan yang diberikan oleh pihak berwajib dapat membantu golongan yang kurang berkemampuan.  18 April 2019, Zakat Melaka telah mengumpul sebanyak RM87.8j untuk diberikan bantuan kepada asnaf dan fakir miskin. Selain itu dalam aspek sihat dan sejahtera turut tercapai. Hal ini terbukti berdasarkan oleh Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah telah menyediakan  Pusat Haemodialisis Zakat bagi membantu asnaf menjalani rawatan mencuci buah pinggang secara INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ZAKAT AND ISLAMIC PHILANTHROPY (MARCH 2019) 5  berkala. Dalam masa  terdekat, “Mobile Clinic” atau klinik bergerak zakat dengan kerjasama KPJ akan dibuka bagi memudahkan orang ramai mendapatkan rawatan bagi sakit yang dialami terutamanya di kawasan pendalaman kampung.

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SDGs merupakan satu matlamat yang perlu dicapai oleh setiap negara termasuk Malaysia. Dalam sistem perundangan Malaysia, masyarakat yang beragama islam perlu membayar zakat seperti zakat pendapatan, zakat perniagaan,zakat emas dan beberapa lagi jenis zakat.  Zakat tersebut mampu memenuhi dan mencapai matlamat SDGs.  Kemiskinan dapat dikurangkan dengan adanya sistem zakat. bantuan yang diberikan oleh pihak berwajib dapat membantu golongan yang kurang berkemampuan.  18 April 2019, Zakat Melaka telah mengumpul sebanyak RM87.8j untuk diberikan bantuan kepada asnaf dan fakir miskin. Selain itu dalam aspek sihat dan sejahtera turut tercapai. Hal ini terbukti berdasarkan oleh Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah telah menyediakan  Pusat Haemodialisis Zakat bagi membantu asnaf menjalani rawatan mencuci buah pinggang secara INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ZAKAT AND ISLAMIC PHILANTHROPY (MARCH 2019) 5  berkala. Dalam masa  terdekat, “Mobile Clinic” atau klinik bergerak zakat dengan kerjasama KPJ akan dibuka bagi memudahkan orang ramai mendapatkan rawatan bagi sakit yang dialami terutamanya di kawasan pendalaman kampung.

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Malaysia incidence of proverty improved from year 2014 (0.6%) to 2016 (0.4%)

Goal 4: Quality education
Number of schools on year 2017 which is primary school (7,901) and secondary school (2,586). The pupil teacher ratio on year 2017 for primary school is 11.6, however , for secondary school is 11.2.

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1. Absolute poverty and hunger
(SDG 1 and 2)
Reduced 49.3% (1970) to 0.6
(2014), 90% reduction in under-
nutrition between 1990 and
2014.
2. Diseases and mortality rates
(SDG 3)
- Child and maternal mortality
rates are almost at the level of
developed countries.
- Eradicated endemic smallpox
and polio.
- Drastic reductions in water-
borne diseases.
- Reversed the spread of
HIV/AIDS and malaria.
- 95% of public health service
subsidised (2015).
3. Education
(SDG 4 and 5)
97.2% enrollment rates for
primary and 90% for secondary
school for both boys and girls in
2016 and 48% enrollment for
higher education in 2012 (70%
higher than in 2002).

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Pembangunan negara ini perlu diselaras secara seimbang dengan kelestarian alam sekitar, dengan cara memikirkan kepentingan perubahan iklim, degradasi alam sekitar dan penggunaan sumber alam dengan lebih bijak.

PENDIDIKAN & KESAKSAMAAN GENDER
Memastikan rakyat mendapat pendidikan asas dari peringkat rendah hingga menengah adalah menjadi tanggungjawab kerajaan.
Pendidikan agama juga perlu ditekankan supaya pendekatan lebih holistik akan dapat dilakukan dalam membangunkan masyarakat. Memastikan pendidikan berterusan berkualiti, saksama dan inklusif bagi mencapai kesaksamaan gender dan memperkasakan wanita dan kanak-kanak perempuan adalah antara tumpuan yang perlu diberikan selaras dengan tumpuan SDG 4 & 5. Dari segi peratusan, lebih dari 90% pelajar lelaki dan perempuan mendapat pendidikan di peringkat rendah dan menengah manakala peringkat tinggi pula adalah sekitar 50% pada 2018. Usaha seterusnya perlu dilakukan bagi memastikan tiada dalam kalangan rakyat yang tercicir daripada pendidikan asas dan tahap pendidikan tinggi pula dapat ditingkatkan peratusannya.

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Malaysia started its journey towards sustainable development in the 1970s, when the New Economic Policy (NEP) to eradicate poverty and restructure societal imbalances was launched.

ABSOLUTE POVERTY AND HUNGER
Absolute poverty reduced from 49.3% (1970) to 0.6% (2014), 90% reduction in under-nutrition between 1990 and 2014.

ECONOMY AND EMPLOYMENT
Sustained 6.2% per annum economic growth for 50 years. Full employment since 1992. Increase of female labour force participation rate to 54.1% (2015).

GLOBAL ROLES
Shared development
experience with 31,000 participants from 142 countries through Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (2016); Strong partner in the implementation of ASEAN Economic Community.

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Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
At 2016, there are 99.9% of people in Malaysia have ability access to electricity
However, the population continues to grow, so will the demand for cheap energy, and an economy reliant on fossil fuels is creating drastic changes to our climate.
Malaysia Government has set a target of 20% of the country's electricity to be generated from renewable source by 2030, an increase from 2% currently.
Investing in solar, wind and thermal power, improving energy productivity, and ensuring energy for all is vital if we are to achieve SDG 7 by 2030.

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From our discussion, we think that there are four of the SDGs goals are important for Malaysia to achieve.

Goal 1: End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere

Malaysia also implemented the Eleventh Malaysia Plan Strategic Thrusts 1 (Enhancing inclusiveness towards an equitable society) and 3 (Accelerating human capital development for an advanced nation) to address poverty in all its form. Malaysia sets this goal and is working to uplift the low income households especially B40 households towards a middle class society.

There also including some key success factors to achieve this goal which as following:

• Providing universal education and skills training

• Creating employment opportunities

• Maintaining low inflation and adequate standard of living

• Providing social safety nets

For the remaining priorities including as following:

• Increasing income and economic potential of B40 households

• Enhancing social protection system

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

Malaysia had improved self-sufficiency levels (SSL) in food production and preparing for the impacts of climate-related disasters to ensure food security.

For example, sustainable agriculture development is guided by the National Agrofood Policy 2011–2020 and National Commodity Policy 2011–2020. Production of major agrofood commodities also showed encouraging growth between 2011 and 2016, at an average rate of 3.9 per cent annually. As of 2015, Malaysia achieved SSL targets for paddy, vegetables and fruits, and achieved above 100 per cent SSL for poultry and eggs.

The key success factors are:

·        Implementing food supplementation programes for children from poor and low-income households.

·        Raising productivity and maintaining self-sufficiency in certain food crops.

·        Establishing a good public healthcare system that also reached rural and remote areas

Goal 4: Quality Education

Malaysia is committed and optimistic to achieving the SDG for the 2030 Agenda. Malaysia guarantees inclusive and fair standards of education and facilitates lifelong learning opportunities for all. As a result, there were 97.2% enrolment figures for primary and 90% for secondary schools for both boys and girls in 2016 and 48% enrolment for higher education in 2012 (70% higher than in 2002).

Goal 14:  Linked with SDGs ‘Life below water’.

The main target for this goal is to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development .

Generally, Malaysia has launched policies and measures to sustainably manage marine and coastal areas. For instance,  the Coral Triangle Initiative Malaysia National Plan of Action (CTI-NPOA) is one of Malaysia’s plan action  with the purpose to let know about urgent threats which are look towards for the marine ecosystems , ensuring food security and also help protecting the livelihoods of coastal communities in the region since 2009.

Besides that, the most current status for this goal is  about sustainable fisheries and aquaculture are being encouraged. Specifically, the new sustainable coastal fisheries and poverty reduction initiatives which is introducing  the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) by 2020 as to improve income, livelihoods and food security in coastal communities.

As a result, the key success factors under this goal were linked with the implementation and enforcement of the related policies and regulations that support sustainable management of marine and coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, government of Malaysia having a cooperation with NGOs as to advocate the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. Malaysian government also put some effort in establishing marine protected areas.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) dilaksanakan bagi  meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat dan pelaksanaan ini menunjukkan perkembangan yang positif terhadap perkembangan Malaysia itu sendiri.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) dilaksanakan bagi  meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat dan pelaksanaan ini menunjukkan perkembangan yang positif terhadap perkembangan Malaysia itu sendiri.

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KELAPARAN SIFAR
Malaysia merupakan 15 negara yang berjaya mencapai peratusan yang tertinggi iaitu mencapai kelaparan sifar dan kekurangan zat makanan yang berkurangan sebanyak 90% dari tahun 1990 hingga 2014.Malah peratusan terhadap nutrisi kanak kanak bawah 5 tahun iaitu sebanyak 11.5% yang kurang berat badan dan bagi terlebih berat badan adalah sebanyak 6.0%.Ini menunjukkan perkembangan yang positif bahawa negara malaysia dapat memberikan nutrisi makanan yang mencukupi kepada rakyatnya.

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CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION: 
More than 95% of water and sanitation facilities and national electricity supply coverage. Coordinate participation and empower non-governmental stakeholders and communities through development mechanisms.

DECENT WORK & ECONOMIC GROWTH: 
Since 1992, full employment in the workplace, various laws have been amended to improve working conditions, anti-discrimination and all aspects of labor relations.

CLIMATE ACTION, LIFE BELOW WATER AND ON LAND, PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS: 
As of 2015, Malaysia’s forest coverage has remained above 50%, terrestrial protected areas 10.76%, and marine protected areas 1.06%. Since 2009, carbon intensity has decreased by 33% and renewable energy production capacity has increased.

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1. PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS
Shared development experience with 31,000 participants from 142 countries through Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (2016).

2. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
In 2015, 98.2% coverage of 24 hour electricity supply at national level. In 2016, 1.5 times increase in renewable energy installed capacity.

3. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
Over 95% coverage for treated water and sanitation facilities.

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Pendidikan amat penting kepada pembangunan negara. Malaysia meningkatkan peluang belajar kepada  generasi muda kita and memastikan rakyat kita dapat mendapat pendidikan yang cukup. Kerajaan kita bertanggungjawab memberi pendidikan kepada rakyat dari  peringkat rendah hingga menengah.  Dari segi peratusan, lebih dari 90% pelajar lelaki dan perempuan mendapat pendidikan di peringkat rendah dan menengah manakala peringkat tinggi pula adalah sekitar 50% pada 2018.
pada masa kini(2019), kerajaan Malaysia juga membina 7 ribu lebih sekolah rendah  and 2.5 ribu sekolah menengah kepada rakyat kita, bagi kanak-kanak di Malaysia. Peluang diberi kepada semua rakyat tak kira perempuan atau lekaki dapa berlajar sebaik mungkin.
kesimpulannya, SDGs amat berjaya membangunkan Malaysia and membina satu arah yang betul untuk negara kita dapat meningkatkan dalam masa yang pendek.

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From our discussion, we can conclude that Malaysia is on a right track on the achieving the goals especially in terms of poverty, health quality and education.
For goal no.1, in Malaysia poverty is decreasing from 49.3% in 1970 to 0.6% in 2014. Through the New Economic Policy which have been implemented in 1970, the main objective was to eradicate poverty. We can see that Malaysia is committed to ensure the multiracial people not living in poverty.
In order to ensure Malaysians living in good health, the government have build so many healthcare  either its from public sector or private sectors. As what we have gone through recently, the Malaysia government under the Ministry of Health handle the pandemic COVID19 crisis very well.
For goals no.4 which is quality education, 97.2% enrollment rates for primary and 90% for both boys and girls in 2016. The Malaysia government also set a mandatory for kids from 7years old to have education.

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Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth
The statistics shows that the unemployment rate in 2016 and 2017 is remain same which is 3.4%.

Goal 16: Peace,justice and strong institutions.
The crime index in 2016 is 112,354 cases meanwhile in 2017 it shows a drastic decline which is 99,168 cases. In 2017, Malaysia achieved the goal in decrease some social problems to create peace and provide access justice.

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Ho Jun Wen 263225
Mohd Fakhrul Fahmi bin Mohd Shukri 255612
Tey Kwee Ting 263339
Lo Xiao Ying 261630
nuranisah bt mohammad zaki 262142
nuratun lazima bt marsuki 265770
fong jia jia 261968

Three Core Values of Development
Sustenance (rezeki)
-ability of the country to get basic needs
Self-esteem
-Be a person
Freedom from servitude
- To be able to choose

The Central Role of Woman
The need to ensure the central role of women in the global economy and the development process has long been recognized. Yet women tend to be poorer than men globally while many women continue to suffer deprivation in terms of health, education, economic participation and basic freedoms. Women have the primary responsibility for child rearing and the resources they can bring to this task would largely determine whether the cycle of transmission of poverty from generation to generation could be broken.
-The Role of Women as Educators
-The Role of Women as Caretakers
-The Role of Women in the Workforce

The three objectives of development
1. Raising people living levels. For example, income, consumption, levels of foods, education and etc.
2. Expanding the range of economic and social choices available to people.
3. Creating conditions conducive to the growth of people self-esteem through the establishment of political, economic and social systems.

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skilled healthcare workers.
-	Addressing health financing and achieving cost-effective 

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1. Kuan Zi Yang 261707 2. Lim Moon Jun261854 3. Choo Zheng Rong 262553 4. Aina Solehah binti Basri 264287 5. Muhammad Amirul Hakim bin Nor Azman 265103 6. Jee Siau Ney 263290 7. Azimah Binti Azizan 262351

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1. Kuan Zi Yang 261707 2. Lim Moon Jun261854 3. Choo Zheng Rong 262553 4. Aina Solehah binti Basri 264287 5. Muhammad Amirul Hakim bin Nor Azman 265103 6. Jee Siau Ney 263290 7. Azimah Binti Azizan 262351

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THE MILLLINIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
From our discussion , we dicuss   the first goal which is eradicate extreme poverty and hunger . In this goal , to reduce by half the proportion of people whise income is less than $1 a day .Next , archieve full and productive employment and decent work for all including women and young people ,also reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. Next , promte gender equality and empower women . To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015. Another Millennium Development Goals (MDG) goal which cant archieve at 2015 will proceed to Sustainable  Development  Goals (SDG) .

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1.hanani
2.

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TITTLE 1 - What Do We Mean by Development.

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TITTLE 1 - What Do We Mean by Development.

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1,YIJIE
2,ZIXUAN KHONG
3,CHEW CHOY YING
4,LIM SU FENG
5,NG LI
6, RAFIFAH ATHIFI

Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.

The purpose of development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities, without damaging the resources of the environment.

An understanding developed that economic growth did not necessarily lead to a rise in the level and quality of life for populations all over the world;  there was a need to place an emphasis on specific policies that would channel resources and enable social and economic mobility for various layers of the population.

In conclusion, development means an increase in the size of the economy such that more products and services are produced.
Conventionally, a common assumption has been that, if an economy generates more products and services, then humans will enjoy a higher standard of living. The aim of many conventional approaches to development has been to increase the size of the economy  in order to increase the output of products and services.

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1. Mohamad Farid Bin Mustaffa 261949
2. Khairunnisa Binti Kamaruddin 265146
3. Tiew Jing Na 261396
4. Mimi Norhana Binti Muhamad Nisfu 263467
5. Chew Zhi Zhen 261587
6. Loo Chin Yee 261215
7. Au Chyi Jiun 261411

Millineum Development Goals
The Milliennium Development Goals (MDGs) are have 8 goals that have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.
The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000, commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. Each MDG has targets set for 2015 and indicators to monitor progress from 1990 levels. Several of these relate directly to health.

The 8 goals are:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other disease
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

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1. Shahriel bin Sayuti261733
2. Nor Syafiqa Suraya binti Rooslan 261652
3. Lai Kah Loh 253415
4. Toh Kim Yi 261343
5. Chin Hui Yee
6. Mohamed Ridwan 294894
7. Nur Syaza Aqidah binti Mohd Rozi 264244

Nature of Development Economics and Important Role of Economics
The natural of development eco is to improve the conditions in the world poorest countries. It examine both macroeconomics and microeconomics factors relating to the structure of developing economies, and domestic and international economic growth.

Economics is important for many areas of society. It can help improve living standards and make society a better place. Economics is like science in that it can be used to improve living standards and also to make things worse. It partly depends on the priorities of society and what we consider most important.

The important role of economics :
1. Help to improve living standards
2. Make society a better place

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1. Raising people living levels. For example, income, consumption, levels of foods, education and etc.
2. Expanding the range of economic and social choices available to people.
3. Creating conditions conducive to the growth of people self-esteem through the establishment of political, economic and social systems.

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Nama ahli:
1. NUR FATIN FITRAH BT ABDUL HALIM (263000)
2. LAILAWATI BT ZULKIFLI (262337)
3.  NUR HAZLEENA BT HAMIRI (264424)
4. WANG SI YEE (262804)
5. MARLISSA UMOS (261479)
6. AGEELESHWARY ARUMUGAM (262939)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 1-8
•SDG 1 & 2: Kemiskinan mutlak berkurang dari 49.3% pada tahun 1970 kepada 0.6% pada tahun 2014 tanpa kes lapar yang dilaporkan.

•SDG 3: Angka kematian anak dan ibu hampir berada di tahap negara maju, membasmi cacar dan polio pendemik dan membalikkan penyebaran HIV / AIDS. Pengurangan drastik penyakit bawaan air dan kematian akibat penyakit kanak-kanak dan malaria. Kerajaan telah mengambil alih tindak balas nasional terhadap penyakit tidak berjangkit sambil bekerja kuat dengan badan bukan kerajaan.

•SDG 4 & 5: Lebih daripada 90% kadar pendaftaran untuk peringkat sekolah rendah dan menengah untuk kanak-kanak lelaki dan perempuan manakala 33% untuk pendidikan tinggi dengan nisbah jantina yang sedikit memihak kepada gadis.
•SDG 6: Lebih 95% liputan untuk air dan sanitasi, serta bekalan elektrik di peringkat nasional telah melalui pengembangan mekanisme untuk mengkoordinasi penglibatan dan memberi kuasa kepada pihak berkepentingan dan komuniti bukan kerajaan.

•SDG 7: Terdapat undang-undang, peraturan, dasar dan rancangan yang sedia ada untuk melindungi dan memastikan penggunaan aset semula jadi secara lestari.

•SDG 8: Sejak tahun 1992, pelbagai undang-undang telah dipinda untuk memperbaiki keadaan kerja, anti diskriminasi dan berbagai aspek hubungan industri seperti sistem pekerjaan penuh di tempat kerja.

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THREE CORE VALUE OF DEVELOPMENT, THE CENTRAL ROLE OF WOMEN, THREE OBJECTIVE OF DEVELOPMENT

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THREE CORE VALUE OF DEVELOPMENT, THE CENTRAL ROLE OF WOMEN, THREE OBJECTIVE OF DEVELOPMENT

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1. Tan Ke Xin
2. Anis Atiqah binti Saidin
3. ar rahman
4. nurul aini
5. Nurul Fathihah
6. qusyairi zulkifli
objectives of development
1.   To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, health, and protection
2.    To raise levels of living, including, in addition to higher incomes, the provision of more jobs, better education, and greater attention to cultural and human values, all of which will serve not only to enhance material well-being but also to generate greater individual and national self-esteem 3.    To expand the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence, not only in relation to other people and nation-states, but also to the forces of ignorance and human misery.

the central role of women in society has ensured the stability, progress and long-term development of nations. Globally, women comprise 43 percent of the world’s agricultural labor force – rising to 70 percent in some countries. For instance, across Africa, 80 percent of the agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It’s widely accepted that agriculture can be the engine of growth and poverty reduction in developing nations. Women, notably mothers, play the largest role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. And, women self-report more often their initiative in preserving child health and nutrition.

Core Value of Development
1. Sustenance: Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These basic needs include food, shelter, health, and protection. People should have access to these basic needs.

2. Self-Esteem: Sense of worth and self-respect and feeling of not being marginalized are extremely important for individual’s well being. All peoples and societies seek some form of self-esteem (identity, dignity, respect, honor etc.). The nature and form of selfesteem may vary from on culture to another and from time to time. Self-esteem may be based on material values: higher income or wealth may be equated with higher worthiness. One may consider individuals worthy based on their intellect or public service.

3. Freedom from Servitude: Human freedom, the ability to choose, is essential for the well being of individuals. Freedom involves an expanded range of choices for societies: economic and political. It involves freedom from bondage, serfdom, and other exploitative economic, social, and political relationships.

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1.Mohammad Zaharuddin Bin Ramlee 263131
2.Hong Zhi Hao 261701
3.Tan Hui Yin 262794
4.Nurul Akasyah Binti Sharifudin 264484
5.Nur Aqilla Shazana binti Anuar 265456
6.Gan Huey Ying

SDG GOALS 9-17
SDG 9 & 11: Penembusan jalur lebar nasional 81.5% (2016) dengan liputan 91.2% di kawasan berpenduduk (2016), pertumbuhan jaringan jalan raya 58% dengan peningkatan hubungan di seluruh negara antara 2010 dan 2015
SDG 16: Peringkat 55 dari 176 negara dalam Indeks Persepsi Rasuah; Kedudukan 40 dari 193 negara dalam sub-indeks Perkhidmatan Dalam Talian dari Indeks Pembangunan e-Kerajaan PBB (2016)
SDG 12 & 13: Perolehan kerajaan hijau bernilai RM429 juta sejak 2013; intensiti karbon ekonomi berkurang sebanyak 33% sejak 2009
SDG 10: Dikurangkan seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Pekali Gini yang lebih rendah dari 0,513 (1970) menjadi 0,401 (2014). Kurang daripada 1% kadar kemiskinan untuk isi rumah lelaki dan perempuan
SDG 14 & 15: Mempertahankan 55.2% perlindungan hutan, 12.1% sebagai kawasan perlindungan daratan, dan 3.36% sebagai kawasan perlindungan laut. Malaysia mengambil bahagian dalam usaha pemuliharaan rentas sempadan antarabangsa, iaitu inisiatif Heart of Borneo untuk hutan dan Inisiatif Coral Triangle untuk kawasan laut
SDG 17: Berkongsi pengalaman pembangunan dengan 31,000 peserta dari 142 negara melalui Program Kerjasama Teknikal Malaysia (2016); Rakan kongsi yang kuat dalam pelaksanaan Komuniti Ekonomi ASEAN

SDG 11 juga membabitkan Bandar dan Komuniti Lestari bermatlamat mengurangkan jumlah kematian dan bilangan mangsa bencana, sekali gus mengurangkan kerugian disebabkan bencana seperti banjir dengan tumpuan melindungi golongan miskin dan orang yang berpotensi menjadi mangsa bencana pada 2030.
Dalam SDG 12 pula,  kuantiti pemusnahan menangani pembaziran klinikal di insinerator meningkat dari 23 845 nada pada 2016 menjadi 28375 nada pada 2017.
Terdapat tiga sasaran dalam SDG 13 mengenai Tindakan Iklim iaitu meningkatkan pendidikan, peningkatan kesedaran dan keupayaan manusia dan institusi mengenai pengurangan, penyesuaian, pengurangan kesan dan amaran awal perubahan iklim; mengintegrasikan langkah perubahan iklim ke dalam dasar, strategi dan perancangan negara; dan ketiga untuk menguatkan daya tahan dan kemampuan adaptasi terhadap bahaya berkaitan iklim dan bencana alam di semua negara

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19 Oct - What Do We Mean by Development Traditional, New Economic View and Amarthya Sen's

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19 Oct - What Do We Mean by Development Traditional, New Economic View and Amarthya Sen's

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Group 7

Woon Shin Yee 262426

Caesy francis 261857

sugitha 2626285

Mohd Rais B Mohd Yussof 263912

Nur Solehah 264356

Ong Wei Xing 261581

che Siti Zulaikha 265274

What Do We Mean by Development Traditional, New Economic View and Amarthya Sen's

Development Traditional

- An approach to economics that emphasizes utility, profit maximization, market efficiency, and determination of equilibrium.

– To achieve and sustain development.

- A development country is measured by Income Per Capita.

- It is measured by few important terms which is Gross National Income (GNI), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Income Per Capita.

New Economic View

- The New Economic View of Development erupted after first decades of post–World War II and postcolonial development in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s,.

-  Most of the countries reach thier economy target but their people still unchanged in term of proverty.

-  The question is, what happen to the poverty in a country?

- New economic view of development Development must involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions.

- In other words, new view was present deep observation in order to reduce inequality and eradication of poverty as well.

Amarthya Sen's

*** “Capability” Approach

•      Amartya Sen argues that the “capability to function” is what really matters for status as a poor or nonpoor person.

•      To make any sense of the concept of human well-being in general, and poverty in particular to address what Sen calls functionings

•      Functionings:  What people do or can do with the commodities of given characteristics that they come to possess or control

•      Sen identifies five sources of disparity between (measured) real incomes and actual advantages:

Ø first, personal heterogeneities

Ø second, environmental diversities,

Ø third, variations in social climate,

Ø fourth, distribution within the family

Ø fifth, differences in relational perspectives, meaning that some goods are essential because of local customs and conventions

Ø Sen suggests that subjective well-being is a kind of psychological state of being—a functioning— that could be pursued alongside other functionings such as health and dignity.

Ø Sen defines capabilities

Ø The freedoms that people have, given their personal features and their command over commodities

Ø For Sen, human “well-being” means being well, in the basic sense of being healthy, well nourished, well clothed, literate, and long-lived, and more broadly, being able to take part in the life of the community, being mobile, and having freedom of choice in what one can become and can do.

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1. Chong Chee Kuan 262321
2. Farzana 262812
3. Hananie binti Baharom 265023
4.Kharunninsa Azizan
5. Nurezzati 262117
6. Yeo Jia Yeng 263656
7. Yong Wei Ning 263011

The nature of development economics:
Traditional economics vs Political economics

Traditional economics:

concerned primarily with the efficient, least cost allocation of scare productive resources over time to produce ever-expanding goods and services.

deals with advanced capitalist perfect market, consumer sovereignty, automatic price adjustment, decisions made on marginal, private profit, utility calculations.

Political economics:

social and institutional process certain group economic and political influence allocation of scarce productive resources

Either for own benefit or larger population

Decision making based on relationship between politics and economic.

The important role of economics

It is concerned with human beings and the social systems by which they organize their activities to satisfy basic material needs (e.g., food, shelter, clothing) and nonmaterial wants (e.g., education,
knowledge, spiritual fulfillment)

Economics is important for many areas of society. It can help improve living standards and make society a better place. Economics is like science in that it can be used to improve living standards and also to make things worse. It partly depends on the priorities of society and what we consider most important.

Economics is concerned with helping individuals and society decide on the optimal allocation of our limited resources.

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Traditional view

-   In traditional view, development means achieve sustained rates of growth of income per capita to enable a nation to expand its output at a rate faster than the growth rate of its population.

-   Gross national income (GNI) is used to measure the overall economic well-being of a population regarding how much of real goods and services is available to the average citizen for consumption and investment.

-   Economic development in the past has also been typically seen in terms of the planned alteration of the structure of production and employment so that agriculture’s share of both declines and that of the manufacturing and service industries increases. Development strategies have therefore usually focused on rapid industrialization, often at the expense of agriculture and rural development.

New Economic View

-   The New Economy referred to the on-going development evolved from the notions of the classical economy as a result not only from the transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy, but also meant the new horizons resulted from the constant emerging of new parameters of new technology and innovations.

-   This popular use of the term started from the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, where high growth, low inflation and high employment of this period led to overly optimistic predictions and many flawed business plans.

Amartya Sen

- Developed the “capability approach,” which defined development as a tool enabling people to reach the highest level of their ability, through granting freedom of action, freedom of economic, social and family actions.

-  From this point of view, development means an increase in the size or pace of the economy such that more products and services are produced. Conventionally, a common assumption has been that, if an economy generates more products and services, then humans will enjoy a higher standard of living.

- The aim of many conventional approaches to development has been to increase the size of the economy (economic growth) in order to increase the output of products and services. Of course, without any change in the fundamental economic processes involved, the production of more products and services will inevitably require more raw materials and energy, and will generate more waste.

-  The major economic contributions of Amartya Sen. Sen's contributions fall into three main areas: a philosophical critique of traditional economic assumptions, an attempt to build a more realistic economic science based on the notion of entitlements and human capabilities, and a long series of practical contributions to welfare economics that follow from the capabilities approach - how to measure poverty and inequality better, how to understand famine and hunger, the importance of gender in economic development, and the differences between economic development and economic growth.

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1. Sustenance: The ability to meet basic needs- food shelter, health, and protection.
2. Self-Esteem: To be a Person. That is to have a sense of worth and self-respect, of not being used as tool for others' end.
3. Freedom from Servitude: To be able to make political and economic choice that does not infringe on the others' rights. Economic growth allows individual to expands their range of human choice.