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Contextualization:
Imperialism transformed the Igbo people's religion, social structure, government, and even language. However, understanding the history of Imperialism in Nigeria is crucial in order to comprehend its effects on the Igbo.  Although other countries established missions and commercial posts in Nigeria, the British were the dominant conquerors. During the transatlantic slave trade, Europeans initially ventured to Nigeria in the late 1700s in pursuit of slaves. However, in 1807, the British parliament approved a legislation prohibiting any British citizen from engaging in the slave trade.The spread of Christianity was another facet of imperialism in Nigeria. As early as the 1700s, missionaries attempted to spread Christianity throughout Nigeria. In 1900, the British formed a government that lasted until 1960. Nigeria endured a period of civil war and political chaos following the end of British rule.

Process of decolonization:
Nigeria's decolonization was initially peaceful. The british struggled to keep Nigeria under their rule and Nigeria was able to get their independence in 1960.

Consequences:
The leaders of the post-independence nationalists were primarily responsible for overseeing the transition of a corporate machine put up by Britain. Nigerians were treated as workers in the industrial enterprise by successive leaders. They failed to recognize and respect Nigerians as legitimate entities with fundamental rights to live and develop in their communities with the resources available to them. A business state based on violence can only breed more violence. Following independence, military coups were plainly attempts to capture or seize the industrial state. The Nigeria-Biafra war, as well as Boko Haram's and the Niger Delta militancy's continuous terrorism, are more examples of the colonial enterprise's effects.

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Contextualization
Longing to form a global empire, France had already gained colonial influence in Vietnam far before the World Wars. France used their economic and militaristic power to increase influence and force themselves into Vietnam. By 1887, the country had acquired full control of Vietnam. French Indochina, an export colony, imposed cheap, hard labor upon the Vietnamese people. The exploitation of the Vietnamese people, as well as civilians simply resenting French control, caused many of them to turn to resistance against French imperialism and advocated for nationalistic dreams of independence.
Process Of Decolonization
-Important Figures
Ho Chi Minh was the most significant figure in the resistance movement against France. He founded the Viet Minh and led the Vietnamese Communist Independence Party, and his coalition, Viet Minh, seized northern Vietnam as a communist nation.
-Type of Decolonization: Armed Struggle
Despite Ho Chi Minh's efforts to try to avoid war, many of his fellow followers wanted to declare war, which later did occur resulting in the death of hundreds of thousands. Violence could be seen on both sides of France and Vietnam, though Vietnam also had peaceful protests. The country was split into two sections: Communist North and Non-Communist south. Conflicts were prevalent among these sections. This was also referred to as the 17th parallel.
-Consequences of Decolonization
In southern Vietnam, many people became displaced due to homelessness and loss of family/property in the war. Some disagreement of the modernized, newly formed economic structures in Vietnam was present-the majority of disagreement coming from the ethnic Chinese people living in Vietnam. The city Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City, in reverence to the communist leader, Ho Chi Minh

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Contextualization
In the early 19th century before the year 1857, Pakistan was appropriated by the British East India Company. This led to the county’s failing independence as much of what occurred in the country was influenced by the company.

Consequences of Decolonization

Religious minorities faced major discrimination and many laws against them.

Pakistan and India are now independent countries.

In 1958, the first marital law took place which caused many riots.

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Contexualization:
The Netherlands had control over Indonesia from 1830 to 1949. Before Indonesia was formed it was a series of islands so I will refer to the islands as their own entities. After being colonized by the Netherlands the indigenous people of Java island were forced to donate a fifth of their land to export crops. After a number of years the Netherlands decided to expand to other parts of the archipelago. This is when they acquired official authority over Aceh island and sent forces to demonstrate their power, this led to the Aceh war which the Netherlands eventually won.

Process of Decolonization:
Important Figure: An important figure for Indonesian independence was Soekarno. He formed the Indonesian nationalist party in 1927 and attempted an insurrection but failed. He was then in 1930. For a short time the colony was occupied during Japan during WWII. After being defeated Japan left the country and Soekarno declared the independent Republic of Indonesia. The Netherlands wanted Indonesia back and sent troops but after international pressure decided to let the country become independent.

Process of decolonization: Armed struggle

Consequences of decolonization
-Opposing political parties
-Attempted coup which led to a purge of communism that left 500,000 to 1,000,000 dead
-Leader of said purge taking advantage of weakened president and took control of the country

-New leader called Indonesia a “new order” and occupied East Timor for 25 years while violating human rights.

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Contextualization:
Before 1863 Cambodia was used as a vassal territory used by the Thai or Vietnamese government, Cambodia tired of this cycle Cambodia signed a treaty of protection with France. Cambodia under Frances protection wasn’t always conventional, the French struggled to maintain self rule and France elected poorly qualified leaders as a result the treaty ended in 1953. After the French colonization Cambodia got in total of their own government again.
Nationalist Leader:
Hun Sen was the second prime minister of Cambodia and brokered peace in Cambodia and helped end the Vietnam War.
Armed Struggle:
Two million Cambodians had died in the Vietnam war because Vietnam wanted Pol Pot dead.
Consequence of Independence: France gave independence to Cambodia even though France controlled the military and the economy after Cambodia became independent.

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Contextualization

Before Sri Lanka was colonized by Great Britain, they had been colonized twice before. First by the Portuguese and then by the Dutch. Portugal colonized Sri Lanka for trading purposes. They lost power in Sri Lanka when the Dutch expelled them and began occupying the country. The Dutch ruling in Sri Lanka was also based on trade, and was implemented through the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch ruling ended when Great Britain became the imperial power in Sri Lanka. They gained this power through the British East India Company. British ruling came to an end when Sri Lanka (Ceylon) became independent.

Process of Decolonization

Nationalist Leader- Don Stephen Senanayake was the leader of the Sri Lankan independence movement, and became the first prime minister of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) in 1947.

Peaceful Transition of Power- Sri Lanka’s move to independence was a peaceful transition of power. For years Sri Lanka fought for independence and rights through movements and riots such as the Riot of 1915, the Youth Leagues, and the Suriya-Mal Movement. Sri Lanka (Ceylon) became independent in 1948.

Consequences of Independence- Once Sri Lanka was freed, consequences of this shift to independence were seen. Some of these consequences were a weak political structure, economic challenges, and eventually a civil war beginning in the 1980s.

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Contextualization:

Hong Kong was originally ruled by China under the Qin dynasty, during this time China was fighting the British Empire in the Second Opium War. After the war the British Empire negotiated with China for Hong Kong due to the efficiency of trade because of Hong Kong’s location. Both came to the agreement that the British Empire would control Hong Kong for 99 years, then be given back to China. This arrangement was successfully exempt for a brief period during World War 2 when Hong Kong was controlled by Japan but eventually the British Empire gained back control.

Process of decolonization:

China allowed for Hong Kong to have both political and social power after being persuaded by the British government. So after 99 years of British control Hong Kong was given back control and governed using a “one country, two systems'' philosophy. However citizens in Hong Kong fear that China will use its power to take away Hongkongers freedoms. This has caused mass protests from the citizens against China many of these protests have been met with violence from Chinese police.

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Contextualization: The British East India company began to establish itself in India by obtaining permission from the Indian authorities to own land, fortify its holdings, and conduct trade. Eventually they consolidated their control over Bengal and overthrew the Nawab and installed a puppet in 1757. As the East India company gained more power and control over Bengal, the British Parliament started regulating the company and indirectly controlling Bengal. Over the next decades, wars, treaties, and annexations expanded the company’s power over the subcontinent and subjugated most of India to the British. After the sepoy mutiny, Parliament passed the Government of India act that transferred British power over India from the company to the Crown.

Important figures: Mahatma Gandhi led India to independence through non-violent campaigns.

Type of decolonization/reform: Non-violent protests and campaigns led by Mahatma Gandhi helped initiate a peaceful transition of power. Due to the aftermath of WWII, Britain grew weaker and India’s ability to fight grew stronger, and that’s when Britain realized that they no longer had the ability to rule India.

Consequences of decolonization/reform:

Consequences of decolonization include religious turmoil that resulted in hundreds of deaths in the first few days of independence and eventually turned into hundreds of thousands that included Gandhi who was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic in January 1948.

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Contextualization- Before British imperialism India’s economy was doing very well. The British traveled to India because they wanted India’s resources to build their empire. They saw that India had cheap labor and industries that could produce materials like cotton, opium, and jute in a short amount of time. Britain used the wealth and resources that India had to enforce strict policies and taxes on the citizens. This caused hunger and poverty in India, which would soon lead to protests. Once Britain was finished using India for their wealth and materials they left before the civil war started and left India with nothing. This decision later forced India to split into Pakistan because the British had left the country in horrible shape.
Process of decolonization
Nationalist Leader-  Mahatma Gandhi was a nationalist leader who believed in leading peaceful protests to help India become independent. His goal was to make India a single secular democratic state rather than leave the 562 princely states under British rule.
Peaceful transition- India gained independence on August 15 ,1947. Gandhi had led many peaceful protests and practiced civil disobedience to inspire people to fight for their freedom. The British could no longer keep India under their rule because they didn't have anymore money. Britain's money had been used to fight in the Indian civil war and WW2.
Consequences of Independence
once the Indian independence bill had taken effect this triggered religious turmoil in India and Pakistan. This turmoil ended up being the cause of riots, migration, and hundred of thousands of deaths, including Gandhi's. Today the relationship between India and Pakistan is far from healthy. The two countries are still suffering from decolonization.

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Contextualization

After World War 1, France was granted a mandate over a portion of the Ottoman Empire, including Syria. The French mandatory administration carried out much of the country’s work but found difficulty preparing Syria for self-government. French officials didn’t hand power to the Muslim majority in a way where the Christians would think the French were giving up their traditional policy of protecting the Christians of the Levent.

Process of Decolonization

In 1936, France and Syria negotiated a treaty of independence, which allowed Syria to remain independent but gave France military and economic power. Even though Syria was granted freedom peacefully, the years following were not. Many military and government coups were held in Syria, causing instability. Syria joined Egypt in the Pan-Arabism movement, becoming the United Arab Republic, but the union shortly split in 1961. The 60s brought on more military coups, revolts, and riots. In 1963, the Arab Socialist Ba’ath party seized power of Syria in a coup known as the Ba’ath revolution. Hafez al-Assad, who was the minister of defense, had overthrown the leader of Syria and was credited for strengthening the Syrian military. Syria has had political issues that lead up to even today due to differing views on how the humanitarian crisis, caused by many military coups and interferences, should be taken care of, and has also had issues of multiple rebels forming.

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My Contextualization: At a time, Lebanon was under the mandate of the French. In 1919, the French sent their troops into the Lebanese and Syrian Coast, followed by the extension into the Syrian coast in 1920, which was met by a violent revolt. Imperialism consists of extending a country's power by using diplomacy or military force! And what happened here was the use of military force into Lebanon and Syria’s coast.

Part II: Process of Decolonization/Reform
Important figures: Camille Chamoun, he was the president of Lebanon during the early years of the Lebanese civil war, he refused to break contact with France & Britain which had just attacked Egypt. In may 1985 armed rebellion broke out in Beirut
Type of decolonization/reform (peaceful transition of power or armed struggle): Armed struggle.
Consequences of decolonization/reform (consider the examples below):

1975-1990, Lebanon was in a civil war and was already in turmoil, and then during those years there was an earthquake explosion that just caused more disruption.

In 1926 Lebanon boundaries were redrawn along with  oot of the other middle east countries, the United Nations were heavily involved with redrawing the boundaries. Lebanon was separated from Syria.

The lebanese civil war of 1975-1990 and Israeli invasions in 1978-1982 displaced a total of almost one million people, when the civil war ended 500,000 people remained internally displaced

In 1996, Civil war years, Lebanon had foreign invasions, a crippled economy, horrible authority, and most importantly religious strife. Those are all elements of Lebanon's tortured modern history.

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Contextualization
The British took control of Palestine after WWI and are issued the British mandate of Palestine until Palestine can stand alone, Britain will be its mandatory. This means that the British had administrative control over this region and therefore, technically owned it. The British gave part of the land to the Jews in return for their help during WWI. This caused the Arabs living in the region to retaliate and caused many problems between both people. Since the British could not control the situation, the U.N. decided to split the land in two parts giving one part to the Jews and the other to the Palestine’s.

Process of Decolonization
Nationalist Leader:  Yasser Arafat
Peaceful transition: British army leaves after an administrative council was established
Consequences of Independence: Arab-Israeli War

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Contextualization
Previously part of German East Africa, Tanzania was put under British control after Germany's defeat in WW1 as a mandate of the League of Nations.  After WWII, the United Nations held it as a trust territory. Tanganyika then abolished the monarchy and joined territories with Zanzibar.
Process of Decolonization

Nationalist Leader
Julius Nyerere was an anti-colonial activist who advocated for a non-violent route to independence. He was prime minister and president of Tanganyika and then the first president of its successor state Tanzania when it formed.
Peaceful Transition
Tanzania peacefully gained independence in 1961 after the Tanganyika African National Union negotiated with the British authorities.
Consequences of Independence
After gaining independence from the monarchy, Tanganyika remade its boundaries to join with the Republic of Zanzibar.
Tanzania suffered greatly from poverty after gaining self-determination, despite Julius Nyerere implementing Socialist ideas into the government.

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Contextualization:
The British South Africa Company wanted to have control of territory in southern Africa so they could have easy access to resources, and in 1890, they sent settlers with a charter to exploit the area's resources on the company's behalf. The British colonizers traveled to what is now the city of Harare in northeastern Zimbabwe, where they settled and began to investigate the area for mining opportunities. The Ndebele people fought back against the invasion, but were defeated within months and the company took over control of the area, naming it Rhodesia.

Important Figures: Joshua Nkomo led ZAPU to try to gain independence from Britain, then Black majority rule.

Process of Decolonization - Political Power Struggle:
The Europeans of the colony wanted to govern themselves, however the British government instead extended the colonies' charter. In 1923, the colony was granted self-government, but only Europeans had power. During the 1950s and 60s African nationalist political parties began to form, but many of them were banned by the government. The 1962 election was boycotted by the remaining parties, and the Rhodesian Front (RF), whose goal was Rhodesian independence, won. In 1965, Rhodesia unilaterally (one-sidedly) declared independence. The banned nationalist parties began to organize attacks into Rhodesia in the early 70s to try and force the government to give the Black majority rule over the country. The violence gradually escalated until the government promised to hold elections for a transitional government that would empower Blacks. One of the legal African nationalist parties, named the UANC won the majority of Black seats in the election, and the country was given the name Zimbabwe. In the 1980 election, Robert Mugabe became the first prime minister and Zimbabwe was internationally recognized as independent on April 18, 1980.

Consequences of Decolonization/Reform:
-Strained economy from large government expenditures
-Political turmoil from Mugabe accusing Nkomo, one of his cabinet members, of plotting a coup, causing a civil war

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Contextualization: South Africa had many internal struggles with racism. The Dominant white minority from British rule had more power than the black majority. With the creation of apartheid which classified all peoples into three races and developed rights and limitations for each. It lead into deep rooted segregation and caused heavy unease.
Process of decolonization
Nationalist leader: Nelson Mandela  was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader and philanthropist who served as president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected black official. Mandela after the National party's government established apartheid, a system of segregation that privileged white people he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow.
A peaceful transition of power:  South Africa had a mostly peaceful transition of power. It was a gradual and slow fight against racism and segregation.
Consequences of decolonization:The apartheid was dissolved, making sure racial segregation was lessened. It made the economy more stable as well.

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Contextualization
Great Britain a massive Imperial power, took control of Kenya in 1895 to 1963, the indigenous people of Kenya revolted against Great Britain in a famous uprising called the Mau Mau uprising, where Kenyans made a stand, and started a revolution against Great Britain.

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Contextualization
During the imperial reign, the colonial years were relatively prosperous and untroubled. At first little is done to involve the African population in the political processes of the colony. Many European countries expanded their empires by establishing colonies in Africa so that they could exploit and export Africa’s resources. The Customs house was built in 1926 by the British to collect taxes and financially control trade by imports and exports of goods. Railways were also constructed to connect cities and control the movement of products around Accra and the interior. But in the years immediately after World War II events moved so fast that the Gold Coast became the first colony in sub-Saharan Africa to win its independence. The turning point is the return of Kwame Nkurmah (a liberal Pan-Africanist activist) to Ghana.

Process of Decolonization
Nationalist leader: Kwame Nkruhmah was the main leader and advocate for independence in Ghana. He was a Pan-Africanist and a uniter. He was the FIRST prime minister and President of Ghana who led Ghana (The Gold Coast) to independence in 1957.
Armed Struggle:  Ghana’s decolonization did not involve military confrontation especially when compared with African countries such as Algeria and South Africa, in addition, Kwame Nkrumah was a Pan-Africanist on the left wing, these factors led to the decolonization process. There was first hand, many traditional anti-colonial protests, then there was the post WWII and the emergence of the United Gold Coast Convention, the era of radicalism and the emergence of the Convention People’s Party. Declaration of Self-government and Independence was one of the last aspects of decolonization.
Consequences of Independence:  Ghana mostly had a peaceful decolonization process. Ghana (formely Gold Coast) redrawn many of its territories after independence from British rule. The Gold Coast of Ghana originally established in 1901 reclaimed stolen land from the British and split it’s northern, southern and central regions into various ethnic groups.

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Contextualization
Imperialism had been present in Canada even after decades of the Confederation in Canada but, with time as Canada matured and made more sacrifices on Britain’s side overseas, imperialist loyalties decreased and Canada got full control over their empire. Then in the early 19th century, numerous substantial and powerful nations entered a phase of territorial expansion which is often referred to as the second great era of imperialism. Britain, France, the United States, and Germany all sought out to get new colonies, zones of influence for commercial, military, and religious reasons within Canadian territory.
Process of Decolonization
Nationalist leader: René Lévesque founded the Mouvement Souverainete-Association which within the next year combined with other separatist groups to form the left wing of Parti Quebecois with Levesque as first president. Eventually he lost elections in 1970 and 1973 but, in 1976 his party won control of the province and became the premier of Quebec.
A peaceful transition of power: This went on from 1960 to 1970 and mainly was never a violent war hence why it's called "The Silent Revolution". It was mainly involved with political and social changes in Quebec, with the Liberal Party gaining power and reforming economic policies.
Consequences of Independence: Canada had a problem of population displacement. They displaced all the indigenous people in which those people were denied access to their traditional land and were placed in new locations by colonial authorities.

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Contextualization
The Spanish invasion brought European civilization to Argentina in 1516. Argentina formally gained independence in 1816, but the dark side of the country's 200-year march toward liberty and democracy has been the common descent into dictatorship and military rule.

Process of Decolonization

Nationalist Leader: Juan Domingo Perón was for some the creator of a disastrous populism for the country and the father of all social conquests, the man who knew how to restore dignity to workers.
Armed Struggle: Between 1930 and 1976, the armed forces overthrew six governments in Argentina; and the country alternated periods of democracy with periods of restricted democracy and military rule.

Consequences of Independence: In the 20th century, Argentina experienced significant political turmoil and democratic reversals. Following a democratization that began in 1983,  full-scale democracy in Argentina was reestablished.

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Before the colonial era, Chile was mostly controlled by independent tribes dispersed across the territory. The Spanish and Portuguese competed for territory in the South American continent until 1494 when the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed, leaving the Spanish to claim Chile. Chile was occupied by the Spanish from 1520, until 1840 when they were finally recognized as an independent state by Spain.

Chile was conquered by the Spanish when, under the leadership of Pedro de Valdivia, defeated the indigenous peoples in the valley of Chile. He then solidified his rule by establishing the city of Santiago, becoming the first governor of colonized Chile. Many attempts at rebellion  would happen in the centuries following their colonization. None of the attempts were relatively successful until 1808 when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Spain, which signified the turning point in their struggle for independence. Bernardo O'Higgins utilized the instability to form a national congress and eventually a constitution. However, Peruvian authorities attempted to reestablish royal authority in 1814, which Chile in response formed in army to combat. They lost their first battle in 1814 and were reoccupied until 1817 when a combined army of Chileans and Argentine troops defeated the Spanish.

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Contextualization
After the Berlin Conference of 1884, modern day Algeria came under the control of France alongside most of North and Northwest Africa. The people of Algeria were expected to provide for the French Empire, including their service in both World Wars. Divisions between indigenous Muslims and the French government became increasingly contentious by the mid 20th Century.
Process of Decolonization
Nationalist Leader: Ferhat Abbas initiated the call for Algerian independence and became the first president of free Algeria.
Armed Struggle: From 1954-1962, Algerian nationalists (FLN) fought a bloody war against France for independence.
Consequences of Independence: Following the victory for FLN, Algerians who supported France were murdered. Migrants fled to France leading to a refugee crisis.

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Contextualization: For centuries before the British empire gained control of Iraq, the country had been under the Ottoman Empire’s rule. During WW1 the Ottoman Empire’s agricultural economy began to diminish. The Ottomans sided with the Central Powers in WW1, which caused the victorious Allied Powers to strip the Empire of its power, turning instead into The Republic of Turkey, and many other small states, including Iraq. The Allied Powers met to decide on how to split the Ottoman Empire between themselves. Seeing Iraq’s powerful oil industry, Britain colonized the country, and drew borders throughout the land, disregarding the tensions between groups of people in said places, like the Sunni and Shia religious groups (this process of colonization was very similar to the mistakes Britain made when colonizing Africa as well).

Process of Decolonization

Important Figures:  Mehdi Al-Khalissi. Al-Khalissi was a supreme religious scholar, who was a leader in the Iraqi Revolt of 1920. The revolt was during the beginning of British rule in Iraq, and inevitably failed, however its efforts led to and inspired the future strive for independence.

Type of Decolonization:  When Britain first took control of Iraq, protests were not peaceful. The revolts used heavy artillery and aerial bombardment in their methods. These revolts were unsuccessful. During the late 1920’s Iraq’s citizens, both Sunni and Shia, worked together to peacefully protest, leading to Britain granting Iraqi independence.

Consequences: Although Iraq gained its independence, Britain maintained a source of power in the economy and military, which led to many anti-British revolts in the nation that pressured the Iraqi government. Because Iraq had been relying on Britain, and even the late Ottoman Empire, for so long, the country had trouble being independent. Tensions between the Sunni and Shia were still evident, and caused division and unrest in Iraq. The government remained a monarchy until it was overthrown and was made a republic