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Benin (West Africa) began limiting slave trade
-1516 oba outlawed trade of male slaves
-Africa exports of pepper/cotton lost to Eurasian competition
-Late 1700s-trading >1,000 slaves/yr

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Slavery in the Americas was one of the first types that was based on race and the use of plantations.
- sugar plantations (1800s)
- cotton plantations (1800s)
- Tobacco plantations (1600s)

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Throughout the existence of  the West African slave trade, the middle passage was used as the main transport route to bring slaves to the Americas.
- Dutch slave traders used the middle passage to bring slaves to the Caribbean in the 1600s
-British slave traders continued to used the middle passage into the late 1700s.

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Silver was mined in modern day Peru and Bolivia, and transferred to Europe for around 3 centuries from these regions.
1. Peru and Bolivia were the main regions used throughout the centuries of mining due to their reliability for silver production.
2. Potosi became the largest city in South America, and the new world in general by 1570.

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-Spices such as Nutmeg, pepper, cumen, ginger Turmeric all were traded before and after the Dutch arrived and started to exploit the trading routes.
-Indonesia and surrounding islands continued to be dedicated to spice production due to their prime location for producing these types of crops.
-While native workers were replaced throughout 1450 to 1750, in the 1500s, techniques used to produce the spices stayed the same.

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-Chinese products throughout this era were highly sought after and still relatively expensive
- The Chinese were still a global center of trade and commerce after hundreds of years
-silk, cotton, spices such as sugar and pepper
- Other asian countries still paid tribute to china securing a strong trading partner

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Goods traded in East Asian Commerce were constantly sought after. Spices such as Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Cloves, and Pepper were highly valuable for states that were a part of the trade. Products such as Chinese silk, Indian Cotton, emeralds, etc. were in great demand.

European goods were undesirable for Asian Commerce.

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Japan had a feudal system, in which feudal lords known as daimyo each owned a cadre of samurai warriors.
-endemic conflict between lords
-Europeans received welcome initially for their technology, geographic knowledge, and religious ideas.
-Lords and private armies became very powerful.
-The shogun united Japan in early 1600's, and expelled the European population from Japan.

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Native Americans traded furs and other goods between different groups of Europeans.
1: The Europeans traded with the Hurons
2: Traded different alcohol with the natives
3: No limitation on the killing of animals

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European countries like Portugal,Britain,the Netherlands and Spain joined the Asian Commerce systems.
- The founding of Spanish spice colonies in the Philippines
-The construction of British port cities in India
- more desire for Asian goods and spices in Europe

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Silver was found in Bolivia, which lead to the Spanish and Portuguese colonists taking over the area. The natives were forced to work in horrendous conditions in the mines, while the silver was shipped to Eurasia to benefit their economy. The city Potosí was formed, and became the largest city in the Americas, because of the economic boom from a European standpoint.

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Trade increased globally as ship and navigational technology advanced.
- Monsoon winds were utilized by  sailors in the Indian Ocean to get to the East Coast of Africa and then travel back
- Carrack ships were used by merchants to carry larger amounts of cargo
- The compass became widespread and the main way of navigating in the Indian Ocean

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-The reliance on slaves or unpaid labor as the European powers expanded, was relatively the same throughout the time period and occurred in similar formats (Exception being Britain in India).

Ex: Such as when the Spanish ruled in Central America, their establishment of a colony in the Philippines  led to  the establishment of unpaid labor,  thereafter it became a part of daily life in both the Americas and the Philippians.

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Silver transformed East Asian economies
-By the 1600s the standard Spanish silver coin circulated widely in southern China
-The Chinese economy became more specialized in order to obtain the silver required to pay taxes
-Japan became a major source of silver production in 16th century

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Native American's first dominated the fur trade but they then

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Slaves were originally brought to the Americas to work on plantations, specifically growing sugar, which was different from other areas where they were typically used more as servants than as workers. Because the slaves were all from Africa, the practice of slavery became associated with racial discrimination. Most of these slaves ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean, which lead to the mixing of African, European, and native cultures.

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Native Americans were first the dominate force in the American fur trade until Europeans came and took over.
- Disease spread causing  the Native American population to decrease which left the market open for Europeans
- Europeans were able to create better technology over time so they could out-produce the native people

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Once the silver exchange was established, it provided a constant link from the Americas to Europe, and then to Asia through the continued circulation of silver.
1. Spanish silver consistently paid for Asian goods such as guns, spices, relics, silk cotton, and more.
2. Europeans consistently traded silver with Asian buyers in order to acquire Asian goods

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The Portuguese Empire created the "trading post empire" in the Indian Ocean, this caused the Europeans to become part of the Chinese,  Indian and African trade. In addition, trading post empires helped start trade in Spain and the Philippines. Finally,  the Portuguese and other European societies began to change,the religions of the small African and Philippine islands.

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During this era, the same spices and crops were grown in plantation in many different regions such as the caribbean and Indonesia. Sugarcane and cotton were common crops grown in these regions, usually in european owned plantations.

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During this era, the same spices and crops were grown in plantation in many different regions such as the caribbean and Indonesia. Sugarcane and cotton were common crops grown in these regions, usually in european owned plantations.

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Slaves were predominantly African in most plantations throughout history.

Ex. The Spanish would take trips to Africa to gather slaves.