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The concept of miscegenation (also known as racial mixing) within the caribbean, is a familiar term or otherwise considered a "norm" among Caribbean territories. This epidemic is due to a wide range of ethnicities belonging to the Caribbean from past historical events and thus causing a widespread mixture of races. The most common races mixed being, East Indian and persons of African descent are predominantly found in the region of Trinidad and Tobago .Dating back to histories of slavery and indentureship the mixing of races is apparent however not deemed acceptable by some citizens due to factors like religion, class or caste and the stereotypical backgrounds of races.This therefore transpired into negative points of views on the odd behaviour by which certain cultures are expected to marry within their races.

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What is meant by the term Miscegenation?

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What is meant by the term Miscegenation?

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Miscegenation refers to the cohabitation or marriage by persons of different races.This action however was seen as an act of deviance and discredited by 20th century genetics and anthropology due to theories of racial mixing, causing anatomical disharmony of children and illegal in the United states from - .Till this day in the 21st century miscegenation is more apparent and somewhat accepted by the modern population, however there are persons who still witness this cohabitation as an act of taboo.
Although it is now accepted that modern populations are the result of the continuous mixing of various populations since prehistoric times, taboos on miscegenation—in some instances legally enforced—have existed and continue to exist in many race-based societies. For example, In in south Africa the official policy of apartheid for many years included legal prohibitions on miscegenation also in  the United State, many states had laws against interracial marriage until the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional in 1967.
Even in the Caribbean attitudes toward miscegenation have developed although a large majority of families make up a pattern of mixed races throughout the years an thus producing cultural assimilation. For example, coming from a mixed background myself, by being of  both indian and african descent, most commonly known as "dougla", the interracial marriage between my grandmother(east indian) and grandfather (African) have therefore lead to more an more generations of dougla offsprings.The following image is a photograph of my grandparents in an attempt to showcase what miscegenation looks like in the caribbean.

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The History Of Miscegenation In The Caribbean.

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The History Of Miscegenation In The Caribbean.

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Miscegenation began  during the colonial era which brought native americans, europeans and africans into america for the first time.This gathering of various races then gave way to interethnic mixing,sexual violence and intimacy as well as intermarriage as well as promoting the concept of "white bias". The development of the "white bias " began in the slavery period when the white slave-owner was the source of all power, authority, and prestige. An important distinction was also made between field slaves and domestic slaves. The latter being domestic, admitted to the intimacies of life in the planter's household and was able to acquire European cultural traits denied for the most part to field slaves.
The historical situation was further complicated by development of concubinage an manumission.Concubinage on the part of white men and negro women led to the creation of mulatto slave offspring who in many instances were favored by their master-fathers.Their favouritism would vary from remission of tasks to, in exceptional cases, being sent to Europe to be educated. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the mulattoes or " gens de couleur " should occupy an important and distinctive position in the servile population. Manumission refers to the right of the slave-owner to free his slaves, operated very much in favour of the mulatto. It was perhaps only natural that the planter should wish to free the children of his concubine. Frequently freedom was accompanied by inheritance of property.

During the 18th century mixed marriages provided economic and social benefits to european explorers  and the  indigenous populations they encountered since it produced as a powerful political tool in rival borderlands
concerning centers.In the Caribbean along with other neighboring regions like latin america and west africa, the european males took advantage of the indigenous women which considered of various ethnicities ( African,Indian mixed),whereby the majority took place outside the sanctuary of marriage.

Focusing on the attitudes toward and legal restrictions on interracial marriage including everyday practices studies have shown  the extent to which colonial policies varied in response to local conditions and broader imperial developments.In relation  to intermarriage as a tool of colonization and strategy for assimilation (the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas) has underscored the critical role of Native women as cultural intermediaries.
Scholars also argue that the toleration of interracial marital unions by officials depends upon a range of interrelated factors, these include; demographic conditions, the ancestry of the female partners (European, Indian, African, or mixed heritage), public attitudes toward interracial mixture, colonizing and trading goals, and transatlantic religious and intellectual currents. Intermarriage, and the inclusion of mixed-raced offspring in kinship networks, fundamentally transformed family structures, shaped developing notions of racial difference, and posed challenges to group cohesion and individual and national identity.

The following image displays posters and newsletters on anti-miscegenation
awareness during the post colonial era.These images can also be considered racist and poses as an example of ethnocentrism.

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How Intolerance and Mistrust toward Miscegenation is presented In the Caribbean.

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How Intolerance and Mistrust toward Miscegenation is presented In the Caribbean.

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In order to state how intolerance and mistrust toward miscegenation is presented there must be a clear understanding as to why persons in the modern day era still frown upon interracial marriages.This can be addressed by factors which may contribute to miscegenation such as religion, class and the stereotyping of races which creates attached stigmas that prohibit mistrust.
The institution of religion in the caribbean is considered as a relationship between persons who share a common belief in religious practices, traditions and rituals.some religions practiced in the caribbean are, christian, shouter baptiste , rastafarianism hinduism and catholicism just to name  a few. these religions all have one thing in common which is the categorization of the sacred and the profane.The sacred refers to the ideals and beliefs in which particular religions hold to be good ,whereas profane is deemed as the wrong doings or anything that goes against.In this case miscegenation can be categorized as the profane depending on if the family abides by the rules of their faith.For instance race and religion are intertwined therefore if a person comes from a family who practices in hinduism he/she would be expected to marry that of a hindu whos of the same race.however if he/she decides to marry someone of asian or african descent and whom shares another religion ,this would most likely disapprove of the relationship.
This understanding of religion can thereby be linked to race or more so racism since some persons attach meaning to skin color thus given the production of stereotyping to be apparent.
As the Caribbean communities are made up of large divergent ethnic groups that are reflected in literature, it is necessary to define the term ethnicity. Ethnicity, strictly speaking, is distinguished from racism though the old usage of the term tends to identify ethnicity with racism. Both terms refer to the classification of groups of people according to certain characteristics. Whereas ethnicity implies such classification on the basis of cultural attributes, racism involves the division in terms of physical features. Cultural attributes of the ethnic separation include language, tradition, religion, race and origin or combination of these factors. The physical features of racism include traits of the facial type, the skin, the colour, cranial profile, and size or the biological traits in general.

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How mixed persons feel about the intolerance toward miscegenation.

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How mixed persons feel about the intolerance toward miscegenation.

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George herbert mead, an american philosopher developed a theory which examines social behaviorism in order to explain how social experiences help develop an individual's personality.By focusing on the 'self', the part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. Mead claimed that the self is not there at birth, rather, it is developed with social experience.Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, then developed the looking-glass self is a social psychological concept.The term refers to people shaping themselves based on other people’s perception, which leads people to reinforce other people’s perspectives on themselves. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people’s opinion on themselves. This is categorized into the 'I' and the 'me'.the 'I' is the interpretation of how a person views themself whereas the"me" is how others interprets you. For example a mixed person might see themself as belonging to multiple respective ethnic backgrounds and having a sense of identity whereas the "me" would be how the public views their ethnic background.Although widely accepted in the caribbean there are few who would express concern and administering prejudice.

The following video discusses the feedback of mixed persons in the u.s and their experience in witnessing anti-miscegenation.

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Checking Boxes | The Loving Generation: Part 1 | Topic

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How racism causes the mistrust of miscegenation.

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How racism causes the mistrust of miscegenation.

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Historically, those who openly professed or practiced racism held that members of low-status races should be limited to low-status jobs and that members of the dominant race should have exclusive access to political power, economic resources, high-status jobs, and unrestricted civil rights. The lived experience of racism for members of low-status races includes acts of physical violence, daily insults, and frequent acts and verbal expressions of contempt  and disrespect, all of which have profound effects on self-esteem and social relationships.
Racism brings on mistrust and does not attempt to take the victims feelings  into consideration.The physical features of racism include traits of the facial type, the skin, the colour, cranial profile, and size or the biological traits in general.This is why societies have concluded that the principle of one being racist is wrong. Many Caribbean societies  have begun to combat institutionalized racism by denouncing racist beliefs and practices  through promoting human understanding in public policies, as does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights set by the United Nations in 1948.
Since the mid-20th century many conflicts around the world have been interpreted in racial terms even though their origins were in the ethnic hostilities that have long characterized many human societies (e.g., Africans Arabs and Jews, English and Irish). Racism reflects an acceptance of ethnocentric views by which gives way to a person of a particular race to judge another race and classes itself as superior. This sense of ethnocentric interpretations also gives way to segregation amongst communities where races are judged by hierarchy.For example due to slavery and past stereotyping of the African community being seen as uneducated or more likely to commit criminal activity this stereotyping allows for other ethnicities to have no confidence in trusting African or even mixed African persons.
Negative personal experiences may also prohibit a person from trusting another race thus causing them to become racial, however one must take into consideration the act of being sensible to all races by putting themselves in the other shoe and asking the question, "Would I  appreciate someone treating me this way?"

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The importance of Racial Mixing in the Caribbean.

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The importance of Racial Mixing in the Caribbean.

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Caribbean societies are solely based on racial mixing where the inhabitants of modern Caribbean regions and is important because the members of the inhabiting ethnic group usually also identify with each other on one or more of the aforementioned attributes. It is said that inhabitants of the modern Caribbean states were virtually “Unknown” before the “European intrusion” which “abruptly interrupted the original pattern of their historical development ,altered their physical environment and diversified their diet, complicated their epidemiological systems, produced new biological strains, and linked them inextricably to the wider world beyond the Atlantic Ocean” (Knight & Palmer 1).
As Edward Braithwaite states, “The most significant feature of the West Indies life and imagination since Emancipation has been its sense of rootlessness, of not belonging to the landscape” .Interracial relationships also represent the cultural changes in the Caribbean region as the Caribbean communities are made up of large divergent ethnic groups that are reflected , it is necessary to define the term ethnicity.
Ethnicity implies such classification on the basis of cultural attributes, racism involves the division in terms of physical features and is created whenever there are encounters or clashes between the industrialised states and subordinate groups including the immigrants or the foreigners.It is also generated when there is a subculture which is different from the original dominant one and relative to the cultural plurality in the United States and Canada as well as the Caribbean and South Asia.

This image displays the mix of races now currently inhabiting Caribbean territories more so the identification of the Indo-Trinidadian and Dougla/mixed.

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In conclusion we can bare witness that there is in fact, intolerance and mistrust against the act of miscegenation even in modern day era.Due to past Anti-Miscegenation laws and the stigma attached to particular races we can also conclude that intolerance and even yet racism will continue throughout centuries to come. However where there is the continuation of racism the continuation of mixed marriages will apply and thus positively impact the caribbean society with a neverending widespread of indigenous cultures.In other words the more mixing of races would imply that this is what gives the Caribbean its indigenous identity.

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1. “Obo.” Interracial Marriage in the Atlantic World - Atlantic History - Oxford Bibliographies, 18 Nov. 2019, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0279.xml.

11. Henriques, Fernando. “Fernando Henriques.” Journal De La Société Des Américanistes, Société Des Américanistes, 18 Dec. 2018, https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1969_num_58_1_2103.

111. Fredrickson, George M. “Mulattoes and Métis. Attitudes toward Miscegenation in the United States and France since the Seventeenth Century.” Wiley Online Library, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111), 23 May 2005, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0020-8701.2005.00534.x.

1V. Boundless. “Boundless Sociology.” Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/theories-of-socialization/.

V. “Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic Revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7720. Https://Doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720.” doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f.