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Chapter 2: Cell structure & functions - Fluid Mosaic Model#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structure & functions - Fluid Mosaic Model#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia
♬ Suspence - Color TV

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chapter 2: Cell structures & functions: structure & functions organelle 3#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology

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@biowithmdmnashimah
chapter 2: Cell structures & functions: structure & functions organelle 3#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology
♬ Suspense, horror, piano and music box - takaya

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chapter 2: Cell structures & functions: structure & functions organelle 3#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology

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@biowithmdmnashimah
chapter 2: Cell structures & functions: structure & functions organelle 3#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology
♬ Suspense, horror, piano and music box - takaya

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Chapter 2: Cells structures & functions : Let's discover Vascular tissues#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cells structures & functions : Let's discover Vascular tissues#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia
♬ Suspense - Music of sensation

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Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Transport mechanism across membrane 2#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Transport mechanism across membrane 2#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia
♬ Horror - Ivl Sound

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Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions - Let's explore Neuroscience #learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions - Let's explore Neuroscience #learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia
♬ Suspence - club mix - Shine

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Chapter 2: Cell structures  & functions : Let's discover about Myology #gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions : Let's discover about Myology #gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology
♬ Breakfast Challenge Song (Slowly) - Spence

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Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions: Transport mechanism across membrane 1#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions: Transport mechanism across membrane 1#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology
♬ Music box mystery horror suspense(961238) - takaya

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Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Connective tissues#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Connective tissues#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia
♬ The X Files Theme - John Beal

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Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Epithelial cells#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Epithelial cells#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology
♬ Suspence - Rade Prod

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Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Let's discover Histology#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Let's discover Histology#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology
♬ Sounds like a mystery music box - Yohei

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chapter 2: Cell structures & function- Structures & function organelle 1#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology

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@biowithmdmnashimah
chapter 2: Cell structures & function- Structures & function organelle 1#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology
♬ Suspense - PHACE

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Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Let's explore about cells#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia

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@biowithmdmnashimah
Chapter 2: Cell structures & functions- Let's explore about cells#learnbiology #learnontiktok #tiktok_guru #gurumalaysia
♬ Wake up in the Morning - Tegami

# data[].attributes.headline
2.2 Structures and function: cell membrane and organells

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2.2 Structures and function: cell membrane and organells

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- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosome
- Ribosome

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Today we will go through
-Types of Neurons in Nervous tissues
-The functions of axon, dendrite, axon terminals and neurons

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-mitochondria
-chloroplas
-centrosome and centriole

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Our presentation includes:
- Type of Vascular Tissue
- Structure of Xylem & Phloem with explanation
- Function of Xylem & Phloem
- Location of Xylem & Phloem

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- is made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae.

Function
- Cis face received material from transport vesicles
- receives protein, carbohydrate, and lipid from endoplasmic reticulum
- modifies, processes, sorts and store the substances
- In plant cells: produces extracellular polysaccharides used as components of cell wall.
- In animal cells: forms lysosomes.

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Xylem and Phloem - Transport in Plants | Biology | FreeAnimatedEducation

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There are two types of Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem
2. Phloem

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-nucleus with structure
-Endoplasmic reticulum :
1) rough endoplasmic reticulum
2) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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Muscles Explained - The Difference between Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles REVEALED!

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Both xylem and phloem are continuous throughout the plant body:

In roots : the vascular tissue located in the vascular cylinder
In stems & leaves : in forms of vascular bundle

example of vascular cylinder & bundle : (photo below)

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MUSCLE TISSUES - lecture notes (page 116-125)

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MUSCLE TISSUES - lecture notes (page 116-125)

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MAJOR FUNCTION OF MUSCLE : to produce motion

3 types of muscle :

1. smooth muscle

2. cardiac muscle

3. skeletal muscle

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this is how vascular cylinder looks like

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Muscle Tissue - Types Of Muscle Tissue - Structure Of Muscle Tissue

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this is how vascular bundle looks like

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-involuntary muscle
-structure : spindle shaded, elongated, pointed ends, no striation
- distribution : walls of internal organs ( urinary bladder )
- function : responsible in involuntary activities

* CONTRACT MORE SLOWLY THAN SKELETAL MUSCLE BUT CONTRACT RYTHMICALLY (PERISTALSIS)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Dr.G Bhanu Prakash Animated Medical Videos

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- involuntary muscle
- the main tissue of the heart
- structure : striated like skeletal muscle but have branches, the ends of the cell are joined by intercalated diss
- function : myogenic contraction of wall of the heart

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- voluntary muscle
- structure : elongated, cylindrical, blunt ends
- distribution : attached to bones by tendons
- function : responsible for voluntary movement

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MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

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MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

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1) Active transport

2) Passive transport

~ Brief infiltration
~ Infiltration helps
~ Osmosis

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> surrounded by a DOUBLE MEMBRANE
> separated by a INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

> OUTER MEMBRANE - smooth & allows small molecules to
pass through it
> INNER MEMBRANE - highly folded into cristae
> ATP - are built into the inner membrane
> MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX - contains many different enzymes ,  mitochondrial DNA & ribosomes

**FUNCTION**
> sites of cellular respiration

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Cell Theory

Scientists & Contributions

The principles of cell theory

Types of cells

Define Prokaryotic cell & Eukaryotic cell

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> contain green pigment - CHLOROPHYLL
> enclosed by a double membrane - OUTER & INNER MEMBRANE
> separated by - verry narrow intermembrane space
> the fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast - STROMA/MATRIX
> THYLAKOID - are arranged in stack GRANUM/GRANA
> the arrangement of thylakoids increase the surface area
> chloroplast/stroma contains enzymes , DNA , & ribosomes

**FUNCTION**
> site of photosynthesis
> light reaction - light dependant / granum
> dark reaction - light independant / stroma
> stores starch

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you can watch this for better understanding on Vascular Tissue! 🕊

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Intro to vascular tissues (xylem & phloem) | Life processes | Biology | Khan Academy

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• Complex tissue consists of :
- tracheid, vessel elements, fiber & parenchyma

• Function
- Transport water & mineral from root to other parts of plant
- Give mechanical support (dignified vessel and teachers can resist compression & tension)

• Distribution
Vascular bundle

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Practically's Concepts - Golgi Apparatus - #LearnPractically

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Travel Deep Inside a Leaf - Annotated Version | California Academy of Sciences

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Functions

to bind and support other tissue in the body

fills the space between organ and tissue

provide structural for other tissue and organ

Made up of cell scattered through an extracellular matrix of fibrous protein and glycoprotein attached to a basement membrane

Major types of connective tissue

1. Hyaline cartilage

2. Compact bone

3. Blood

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- A spherical sac
- A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes.
- parts of the endomembrane system.

Function:
- intracellualar digestion
- digestion of macromolecules by phagocytosis
- responses against foreign substances.
- Autolysis ( the digestion of cell by its own enzymes).

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-large particles are taken up into phagocytic vacuoles, then fuses with lysosomes and its content is digested.

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> CENTROSOME
- usualy located near the nucleus
- a pair of centrioles
> CENTRIOLE
- a pair of short microtubules
- each composed of nine sets of triplets arranged in a ring

**FUNCTION**

> important in cell division of animal cells - initiate the spindle and separates the chromosomes

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There are four components of xylem :

1. Tracheid
2. Vessel Elements
3. Parenchyma Cells
4. Fibres

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- Process of digesting damaged organells to recycle organic material.

Process
1.  Autophagosome is formed around cytoplasm and organelles.
2. Autophagosome fuses with lysosome.
3. Lysosome release hydrolytic enzymes that digest organelle components.

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Passive transport
-Movement of molecules from high to low concentration gradient.(also knows as down concentration gradient)
-Occurs across a selective permeable membrane
-Does not require energy

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•Simple diffusion
•Facilitated diffusion
•Osmosis

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- Made of RNA and protein
- either free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
*Free ribosomes : suspended in the cytosol.
*Bound ribosomes: attached to endoplasmic reticulum/ nuclear envelope
- Often found in groups called polysome or polyribosome

Function:
-The sites of of protein synthesis.

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1. Simple diffusion is:-

Movement of a substance from higher to lower concentration gradient across phospholipid bilayer

Does not require energy

Without help of transport protein

2. Molecules that can pass through phospholipid bilayer:-

Lipid soluble molecules(Vitamin A, D, cholesterol)

Small, uncharged molecule(oxygen gas)

Small, polar molecules(water, glycerol)

3. Rate of diffusion increase when:-

Temperature increase

Large concentration gradient difference(eg: outside has higher concentration than inside)

Molecules in gas state rather than liquid

Smaller size of molecule

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1. Tracheids

- water moves from one tracheid to another only through pits

- serve for support and for upward conduction of water and dissolved minerals in all vascular plants

- Tracheids are the main water-conducting cells in gymnosperms and ferns:

a. long and tarpered at each other
b. water is conducted upwards from the roots to the shoots, passing from one tracheid into another through pits

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2. Vessel elements

- water moves from one vessel element to another through perforation plates and pits

- vessels form an efficient system for transporting water

- vessel elements are hollow, But unlike tracheid, the end walls have holes known as perforation plates. (facilitating the free movement of water through the vessel)

- Have pits in their side walls that permit the lateral (sideways) transport of water from one vessel to another.

- Vessel elements are more efficient water-conducting cells than tracheid.

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Extra information.

- most angiosperms (flowering plants) contain both tracheids and vessel elements in their xylem

• Did you realised both tracheid and vessel elements dead at functional maturity, but WHY?

- Using dead cells, which don't have organelles filling them up
- so that they cannot perform photosynthesis
- act like pipes to allow water and dissolved minterals to flow through them.
- Hence, allows more capacity for transporting water.

• Tracheid and vessel elements are highly specialised for transporting water and mineral from roots to other parts of the plant.

WHY?

a. both cells are dead and empty of cells contents at maturity

b. their cell walls become thickened with lignin and are strengthened with spiral or ring-like thickening for mechanical support.

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3. Parenchyma cells

- xylem also contains parenchyma cells which act in the translocation (movement of sucrose and other substance like amino acid around a plant) and storage of food and water

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4. Fibres

- xylem contains fibres with thickened walls that provide structural support to the plant

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• Phloem is a complex tissue which acts as a transport system for soluble organic compounds within vascular plants.
• Phloem consists of 4 tissues which are: sieve tube cell, companion cell, fibres & parenchyma.

• Function of phloem :
1. Transport organic substances from leaves to other parts of plant.
2. Companion cell helps sieve tube elements to transport organic substances.

• Distribution :
- Vascular bundle

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1. Sieve tube cell
- Contains sieve element cells
- Sieve elements are long and narrow cells that are connected together to form the sieve tube
- The sieve element cells are the most highly specialized cell type found in plants.

Why are they highly specialized?
>They are unique that they do not contain a nucleus at maturity and are also lacking in organelles such as ribosomes, cytosol and Golgi apparatus, to maximise available space for the translocation of materials.

• Structure of Sieve tube cell:
1. Living cells at maturity
2. But nucleus and most organelles degenerate
3. Thin layer of cytoplasm remains at the periphery of the cell
4. Has only primary cell wall (no lignin)
5. Have thick and rigid cell walls to withstand the hydrostatic pressures which facilitate flow

6. Long cyclindrical structure
7. End walls are perforated forming sieve plate (modified plasmodesmata)
8. Sieve plate has pores which allows cytoplasm to extend between sieve tube cells
9. The sieve plates also act as a barrier to prevent the loss of sap when the phloem is cut or damaged, often by an insect or herbivorous animal
10. Sieve tube cell are stacked end to end to form a long sieve tube

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2. Companion cell
• A modified parenchyma which is found next to sieve tube cell
• Metabolically active
• Generate and transmit signals, such as defense signals and phytohormones
• Responsible for fuelling the transport of materials around the plant and to the sink tissues.

• Structure of Companion cell :
1. Have nucleus (living cells) at maturity
2. Packed with Dense cytoplasm
3. Contains many ribosomes & mitochondria
4. Small vacuoles
5. Thin primary cell wall
6. Interconnected to sieve tube cell by numerous plasmodesmata

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a. Active transport is the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient from low to high

b. Characteristics of cells or tissues that carry out active transport :

~ High cellular respiration rate
~ A large number of mitochondria
~ High ATP concentrations

# data[].attributes.body
1. Please write your name
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3. Please state your presentation should include what? ( example: function/location/ characteristics)
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chaoter 2: Cell structures& & functions : Let's explore plant cells & tissues#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.embed_code
@biowithmdmnashimah
Chaoter 2: Cell structures& & functions : Let's explore plant cells & tissues#gurumalaysia #tiktok_guru #learnontiktok #learnbiology
♬ Suspense, horror deduction scene - Sound Production Gin

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~ The sodium-potassium pump removes sodium ions out of the cell. This pump, collects potassium ions into the cell from the external environment

~ 3 sodium ions in the cytoplasm are bound to the active site of the carrier protein

~ ATP is hydrolyzed, causing the carrier protein to deform and sodium ions to be transported out to resist the gradient

~ 2 potassium ions are bound to the active site of the carrier protein from the outside

~ The phosphate group is released from the carrier protein causing it to change shape to its original shape

~ 2 potassium ions are transported into the cytoplasm to counteract the gradient

~ Sodium-potassium pumps play an important role in the transfer of nerve impulses to nerve cell membranes

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Neurons
(also called nerve cells) are
-the basic units of the brain and nervous system,
-the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world and sending motor commands to our muscles,
- meant to transform and relay the electrical signals at every step in between.

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~ Show the structure of plasma membrane on Fluid Mosaic Model.
~ Explain the structure of the plasma membrane and the functions of each its component.

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A group of cells which are similar in structure and conduct specific function...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Dr.G Bhanu Prakash Animated Medical Videos

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Active transport Mechanism overview - Membrane physiology animations

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-actively dividing cells
-young cells
-unspecialized

Type:
-Apical meristem
-Lateral meristem

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1. Small

2. Isodiametric/cube

3. Thin primary cell wall

4. Large,central nucleus

5. Dense cytoplasm

6. Small vacuoles

7. Closely packed/no intercellular air spaces.

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=>matured and specialised cell
Permanent tissues are those tissue which has lost the power of cell division. Cells of ‘permanent tissues‘ are matured, assume a definite shape, size and function. On the basis of constituents call, permanent tissues are classified into three types: simple, complex, and secretory or special tissues.

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Distribution
-outermost layer of cells

Structure
=>Tightly packed->forming a protective layer on the surface

Function

-Defence  againts:-

Mechanical damaged,pathogenic organisms/disease and water loss