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DEVELOPMENT OF THE EU AND THE UK'S ACCESSION.

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE EU AND THE UK'S ACCESSION.

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Schuman Declaration and Europe Day (9 May 1950)

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Schuman Declaration and Europe Day (9 May 1950)

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5 years after the end of WW2, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman presents a plan for a new form of political cooperation in Europe, which would make war between Europe’s nations unthinkable.

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Treaty of Paris / Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (signed 18 April 1951)

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Treaty of Paris / Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (signed 18 April 1951)

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Belgium, Germany, France,  Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands sign a treaty to create a European institution that would pool and manage coal and steel production.

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Treaty of Rome / Treaty establishing the EEC (signed 25 March 1957)

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Treaty of Rome / Treaty establishing the EEC (signed 25 March 1957)

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Creation of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the European Economic Community.

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Stockholm Convention (signed 4 Jan 1960)

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Stockholm Convention (signed 4 Jan 1960)

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Creation of the European Free Trade Association. Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom set up EFTA to reduce barriers and increase trade of goods and services with each other.

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Treaty of Brussels / The Merger Treaty (signed 8 April 1965)

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Treaty of Brussels / The Merger Treaty (signed 8 April 1965)

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Creation of a single Council of Ministers and a single Commission for the European Communities (the ECSC, EEC and Euratom). They already share a Parliamentary Assembly and a Court of Justice.

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European Communities Act 1972 (17 Oct 1972)

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European Communities Act 1972 (17 Oct 1972)

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Made legal provision for the accession of the UK to the three European Communities. EC law to have binding effect in domestic law.

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UK joins the European Communities (1 Jan 1973)

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UK joins the European Communities (1 Jan 1973)

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Denmark, Ireland and the UK join the European Communities, marking the first enlargement.

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Single European Act (signed 17/28 Feb 1986)

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Single European Act (signed 17/28 Feb 1986)

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To reform the institutions in preparation for Portugal and Spain's membership and speed up decision-making in preparation for the single market.

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Created EU, laid foundation for single European currency and established European Central Bank. Also introduced idea of European citizenship, created a common foreign and security policy, and closer co-operation on police and judicial issues.

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To reform the EU institutions in preparation for the arrival of future member countries.

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Initially an 'invisible' currency only used for accounting and electronic payments. Coins and banknotes launched on 1 January 2002, and in 12 EU countries the biggest cash changeover in history took place.

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EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights (7 Dec 2000)

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EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights (7 Dec 2000)

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To meet changes in society, as well as social, scientific and technological developments, the EU decided to bring together all the personal, civic, political, economic and social rights of its people in a single document.

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To reform the institutions so that the EU could function efficiently after reaching 25 member countries.

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Aim to make EU more democratic, more efficient and better able to address global problems eg. climate change. Also provides formal procedure for a Member State to leave ie. Article 50.

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United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum (5 June 1975)

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United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum (5 June 1975)

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In a referendum in the UK, a majority of 67% vote to remain a member of the European Communities.

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Conservative Party GE 2015 Manifesto (14 April 2015)

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Conservative Party GE 2015 Manifesto (14 April 2015)

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This pledged: “Real change in our relationship with the European Union” and commited to “hold an in-out referendum on our membership of the EU before the end of 2017”

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European Union Referendum Act 2015 (17 Dec 2015)

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European Union Referendum Act 2015 (17 Dec 2015)

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Provided for holding a referendum in the UK and Gibraltar on whether the UK should remain a member of EU.

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In a referendum in the UK, a majority of 52% vote for the country to leave the EU.

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R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (24 Jan 2017)

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R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (24 Jan 2017)

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UK Supreme Court ruled that the Government could not use a prerogative power to trigger Article 50 to initiate the UK withdrawal.

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European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 (16 March 2017)

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European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 (16 March 2017)

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An Act to authorise the Prime Minister to trigger Article 50, following the Supreme Court Miller judgment.

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UK Government invokes Article 50 (29 March 2017)

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UK Government invokes Article 50 (29 March 2017)

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In writing to European Council President Donald Tusk, the Prime Minister formally triggered Article 50 and began the two-year countdown to the UK formally leaving the EU.

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European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (26 June 2018)

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European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (26 June 2018)

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Repeals European Communities Act 1972 and incorporates EU law as retained EU law.

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Extensions to the Article 50 withdrawal process (2019)

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Extensions to the Article 50 withdrawal process (2019)

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Three extensions for the withdrawal process are sought and granted in March, April and October 2019.

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European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (23 Jan 2020)

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European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (23 Jan 2020)

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Necessary for Parliament to agree to the Withdrawal Agreement as a treaty (dualism) and a legal obligation stemming from the EU Withdrawal Act 2018.

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UK leaves the EU at 11pm but enters into a transition period until 31 December 2020.

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Trade and Cooperation Agreement (signed 30 Dec 2020)

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Trade and Cooperation Agreement (signed 30 Dec 2020)

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After months of discussions the TCA sets out how the EU and UK will trade and co-operate in the future.

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Transition period ends at 11pm. UK leaves single market and customs union.

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The Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill 2022 (22 Sep 2022)

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The Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill 2022 (22 Sep 2022)

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The Bill will abolish the special status of Retained EU Law and will enable the Government, via Parliament to amend more easily, repeal and replace retained EU Law.