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What is the positive or negative phycological effects after leaving a sport and transtion in that time.

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Greendorfer, S. L., & Elaine M. Blinde. (1985). “Retirement” From Intercollegiate Sport: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2.2.101

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Greendorfer, S. L., & Elaine M. Blinde. (1985). “Retirement” From Intercollegiate Sport: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2.2.101

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A research study by Susan Greendorfer and Elaine Blinde from the University of Illinois aimed to determine the exact nature of sport retirement in a greater context. Their research was based on the question of “What are some alternate ways of looking at the process of sport retirement?”, specifically relating to how the existing literature considers sport retirement as more of an end to something rather than a change, and how the study attempts to show that the transition isn’t so abrupt. They conducted their research using questionnaires that were mailed to former college athletes to fill out. They covered several topics, including how committed to sport the athletes were, their preparation for college, participation in sports post-termination, and the participants’ social lives. They found that many of the athletes viewed the termination as more of a “rebirth”  rather than an abrupt end. There was much more continuity in athletes’ sporting-related behavior than had been previously found, supporting the notion that career termination in sports is in some ways different from how it is usually perceived.T he study found that the athletes often maintained interest in their sports once they had left, and that they often treated the change as more of a transition rather than a definite start and end.

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Menke, D. J., & Germany, M.-L. (2019). Reconstructing Athletic Identity: College Athletes and Sport Retirement. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 24(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1522475

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Menke, D. J., & Germany, M.-L. (2019). Reconstructing Athletic Identity: College Athletes and Sport Retirement. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 24(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1522475

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A study by Donna Menke and Mae-Lynn Germany from the University of Memphis Departments of Leadership and of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Research aimed to determine what happens to college athletes psychologically when they leave their sporting careers when going into the workforce. Their research was based on the question of “What is the nature of a transition out of sports for college athletes going into the real world?”. They conducted their research by doing open-ended interviews with several participants from the college who had all left their careers as sports players in either basketball or football, and looked to determine what psychological effects the players had undergone. They recorded the players’ perceptions of themselves and their careers, and their emotions related to the process. They found that the athletes mostly had a difficult time with the process of leaving sports, and mostly either felt depressed or accepted it as a shift towards a new sense of normalcy. They concluded that the transition away from sports can have a great effect on the athletes’ psychological well-being, for better or worse, as they had just changed a large part of their lives.

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Cosh, S., Crabb, S., & Lecouteur, A. (2012). Elite athletes and retirement: Identity, choice, and agency. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65(2), 89-97. doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2012.00060.x

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Cosh, S., Crabb, S., & Lecouteur, A. (2012). Elite athletes and retirement: Identity, choice, and agency. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65(2), 89-97. doi:10.1111/j.1742-9536.2012.00060.x

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In a study by Suzanne Cosh and Amanda LeCouteur of The University of Adelaide, school of psychology, along with Shona Crabb from the Discipline of Psychiatry from The University of Adelaide, researched how choice in retirement impacted levels of depression among professional athletes. They asked, how does the public's construction of choice and identity affect an athlete’s difficulty with retirement? To conduct this study the analyzed newspaper articles from 2006-2007 on athlete retirement. There was a span of 200 articles over the retirements of five females and 27 males. From the analysis of recurring themes, they divided the retirements into three categories, retirement based on age; retirement due to injury; and retirement due to personal choice. Based on the public’s perceptions of these retirements they concluded that age retirements were deemed appropriate, injury retirements were necessary but the body was fallible, and other circumstances were problematized and before the right time.

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O’Leary, M. R., Donovan, D. M., Cysewski, B., & Chaney, E. F. (1977). Perceived locus of control experienced control, and depression: A trait description of the learned helplessness model of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(S1), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197701)33:1+%3C164::AID-JCLP2270330136%3E3.0.CO;2-O

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O’Leary, M. R., Donovan, D. M., Cysewski, B., & Chaney, E. F. (1977). Perceived locus of control experienced control, and depression: A trait description of the learned helplessness model of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(S1), 164–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197701)33:1+%3C164::AID-JCLP2270330136%3E3.0.CO;2-O

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The study, Perceived locus of control experienced control, and depression: A trait description of the learned helplessness model of depression, Michael R. O’Leary at the University of Washington wanted to answer the question how does depression contribute learned helplessness in terms of subjects personality-traits? O’Leary found that research was needed to conclude if there was a connection between similar symptoms of people with diagnosed depression and subjects placed into inescapable situations. O’Leary conducted his study with 58 male veterans involved in an inpatient alcoholism treatment program, the Experience Control Scale, Rotter’s Locus of Control scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The study found that the amount of control that an individual experienced is related to level of self-reported depression.

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Journal of African American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2 (June 2012), pp. 195-208

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Journal of African American Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2 (June 2012), pp. 195-208

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Krystal Beamon from the University of texas is an associate professor in psychology and anthropology. The research question is, to what extent do African Americans athletic identity impact their self identities. The gap I found in my research is the study mostly focusing on college sports such as Football and Basketball which can lead to misleading data because these people could have played different types of sports. The author mainly used Ethnographic interviews. An example of this would be when they Interviewed athletes interviewed ranged from ages 22 to 47. Many were in their twenties, with two outliers being 45 and 47. Furthermore, they used studies from academic sources to back up their research. The results were the athletes were found to have athletic identities that negatively affect their transition out of athletics as they struggle to redefine their identities.

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Menke, Donna J., and Mae-Lynn Germany. “Reconstructing Athletic Identity: College Athletes and Sport Retirement.” Journal of Loss & Trauma, vol. 24, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 17–30. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1522475.-

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Menke, Donna J., and Mae-Lynn Germany. “Reconstructing Athletic Identity: College Athletes and Sport Retirement.” Journal of Loss & Trauma, vol. 24, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 17–30. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1522475.-

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Menke Donna from the university of Memphis studies the way athletes from college transition out of sports. Her colleague Germey Mae-Lynee also graduated from the University of Memphis and they both scope into the phenomenological factors of the athletes in this study. The research question is, to what extent does a former college athletes identity shift when transitioning out of revenue producing sports. A gap I found in this study is they used 15 participants for the study all from a men's basketball team and that makes the study single sided and only focuses on one gender. Another gap I found is they could look into athletes that were not paid for playing college sports and see how that affected them as well. Some methods they used where they sampled 15 athletes who participated in division 1 football and another 15 athletes that participated in division 1 basketball. Furthemore, they interviewed each athlete and recorded the industry they started working in after college. The results of this study varied from participant to participant. A major theme that occurred in the results where athletes losing an identity of meaning of life and difficulties of life change. On the other hand, many participants resulted in gaining helpful life skills such as, leadership, ethic, and responsibility. Overall the big conclusion was that college sports had not really prepared them for their future careers but developed them has a person.

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What psychological and emotional effect does athletic career termination have in recent high school graduates?

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What psychological and emotional effect does athletic career termination have in recent high school graduates?