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Mancini, Mark. “15 Facts About Leif Erikson.” Mental Floss, 2 Mar. 2018, mentalfloss.com/article/532073/facts-about-leif-erikson.

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Groeneveld, Emma. “Leif Erikson.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, Social Enterprise UK, 20 Sept. 2018, www.ancient.eu/Leif_Erikson/.

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“History - Leif Erikson.” BBC, BBC, 2014, www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/erikson_leif.shtml.

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Biography.com Editors. “Leif Eriksson.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 5 May 2016, www.biography.com/people/leif-eriksson-9378184.

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Wallace, Birgitta. “Leif Eriksson the Lucky.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 24 Jan. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Leif-Eriksson-the-Lucky.

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“Leif Ericson.” Leif Ericson - New World Encyclopedia, Media Wiki, 24 June 2018, 23:11, www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Leif_Ericson.

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History.com Editors. “Leif Eriksson.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 21 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/topics/exploration/leif-eriksson.

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McKay, Andrew. “The Story of Leif Erikson.” Life in Norway, Words Of Norway, 4 Sept. 2018, www.lifeinnorway.net/leif-erikson/.

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“Explorers Quotes – Leif Erikson.” Disoverquotes.wordpress.com, 13 Feb. 2017, discoverquotes.wordpress.com/2017/02/13/explorers-quotes-leif-erikson/.

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Kettler, Sara. “Leif Eriksson Day: Who Was He & Why Should We Care?” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 6 Oct. 2017, www.biography.com/news/leif-erikson-day-facts.

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“Christopher Columbus Quotes.” BrainyQuote, Xplore, www.brainyquote.com/quotes/christopher_columbus_389050.

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G, Paul. “The Truth About Christopher Columbus.” PowWows.com - Native American Pow Wows, 9 Oct. 2017, www.powwows.com/truth-christopher-columbus/.

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“The Impact of Colonization.” The Impact of Colonization · US History, philschatz.com/us-history-book/contents/m49999.html.In-text CitationCheck for GrammarCheck for Plagiarism

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Leif Erikson spent his early days in Greenland after his father, Erik the Red, was exiled from Iceland after killing a man.

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Eventually Leif Erikson would leave Greenland and head for Norway. There he would be a bodyguard and learn of the Christian faith. Leif would leave for home to spread Christianity some time later.

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One effect of colonization is the harvesting of resources. Whenever people colonize a new land they tend to use resources and animals that they find there to either to use in the colony (food, building, activity) or to send back to the country which originally established the colony. These resources which would be sent back, such as beaver-trimmed hats from the Americas, would help to expand trade in other countries. This expansion of trade would then allow for more countries to get more resources that they need. However, whenever colonies harvest resources it also impacts the environment in a major way. When animals get hunted too fast, like beavers in New England to make hats, they can go extinct knocking down a line of dominos. In the beaver example, eventually the beavers went extinct stopping the creation of dams which helped fish to live. These fish were a food source of birds and bears who would now suffer from the lack of fish. Whenever colonization happens it impacts the environment in possibly a positive or negative way.

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This is very similar to Leif Erikson's settlement at Vinland because an effect of colonization is the use of new resources to expand trade. This is exactly what happened at Leif's settlement. People at Vinland would send back resources like wood to Greenland where they would then use them to either help improve people’s lives there, or to expand trade. However there is a difference in the fact that VInland was pretty small so it did not have any major impact on the environment like colonization can have.

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A second effect of colonization is the start or expansion of slavery. When people go to a new land they may encounter people that already live there. Depending on if they are able to or want to, these people would take these Natives and make them work for them as slaves. These slaves may be a servant or could be forced to do physical labor like farming. Also when new resources need to be harvested or grown, a need for labor comes to be. This can cause the amount of slaves to increase because people from other countries will be captured and sold into slavery. Like Europe buying slaves from Africa to send to the American colonies. New colonies create a need for more slaves.

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This is actually very different than Leif’s settlement in Vinland. It is true that Leif encountered conflict with the Natives but they never took slaves because it didn’t make sense to. Less than one hundred people actually lived in Vinland making it tough to have another mouth to feed. Also, all they did at Vinland was send out expeditions and gather a small amount of resources for Greenland, not start a new country.

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Finally, we come to our third effect, change to Native’s lives. When colonization happens, cultures from new people impact ideas of Natives. Like in America when they wanted and expected Natives to convert to Christianity which would change what Natives believed. Settlers tried to convert them, anyways. Also new items and goods from a colony can impact the lives of Natives. These items can be traded to and help Natives do things like cook or clean but could also be used for harm. Natives in America would learn to use flint and steel to start fires easily and utilize new clothing to keep warm. When colonization does occur, it can also bring conflict which can greatly impact not only Natives, but settlers. From a Native’s point of view, new people were coming and stealing their land. They would want to retaliate and drive them away to keep their land. It may start with small conflicts but it can also lead into massive wars that rage in for years, taking many lives.

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Again, we can compare this to Leif’s settlement. We talked about in the second effect that conflicts were sparked because Leif was settling on Native land. Many people were killed, including Leif’s own brother, because of the new settlement in Vinland. This is very similar to colonization when people claim Native land is their own, bringing conflict over the land.

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When Leif Erikson arrived at Vinland he left behind a group of about 100 people to continue to gather resources and explore.

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These people who were left at Vinland would later experience conflict with Natives over land. Many would die including Leif’s brother after he sailed to Vinland to help in the battles. These explorers from Greenland would also bring over their language, weapons like swords, armor, and other traditions which Natives would start to learn from the abandonment of Leif’s settlement.

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Today, Native culture has changed to incorporate these weapons and foods that actually became a part of their own culture. They would also use these weapons to help them, like hunting, eating, or exploring.

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When Leif Erikson was leaving Vinland, he loaded his ships up with lumber, furs, and grapes. He also took the knowledge of the Christian faith from Norway.

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This changed how Greenland functioned for they had new items they could utilize to make better shelter or gear for the cold. They could also use these items to expand their prominence in trade getting more helpful materials. Greenland also had a new religion introduced which changed how people thought about faith and created some family conflict because Erik the Red did not like Christianity.

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Today, Greenland is actually mostly Catholic (~96.1%) instead of other religions due to Leif Erikson’s spread of the faith.

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"We are all leaders, whether we want to be or not. There is always someone we are influencing, either leading them to good, or away from good.” -Leif Erikson

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"Gold is a treasure, and he who possesses it does all he wishes to in this world, and succeeds in helping souls into paradise." -Christopher Columbus

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This quote from Christopher Columbus is actually quite different than Leif’s. Leif talks about how no matter what we want we always have an impact on others. This impact can either be good or bad, however Christopher’s quotes says something quite different. Instead of believing that we lead people to good or bad, he believes that if a person has gold, they will be helping souls into paradise, a very good impact. Columbus says nothing of a bad impact while Leif strongly believes we can have a negative impact on others.

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According to biography.com, “those in the Norse settlements often clashed with the native population.”

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On his way home, Leif Erikson got blown of path but eventually found what he called Vinland. Leif would return home eventually and die there.

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One of the most impactful yet quite obvious effect of Leif’s voyage was the discovery of Vinland. Leif would eventually find Vinland (Canada) and explore the land further to look for resources. These resources, like wood, grapes, and furs, would be taken back to Greenland and greatly impact trade in Greenland. WIth new resources they could trade for more things they needed, improving their lives. Leif’s voyage helped Greenland to become a better place to live due to the new resources.

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I would again like to compare this effect to the Space Race. It is true that Americans didn’t bring back many things from the moon due to the fear of disease and contamination, but they did bring back with them knowledge. This knowledge on how rockets worked and what the surface of the moon was like helped the world to further explore space. Both Leif and space explores brought back something valuable to their home land.

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Leif did not just bring back resources from Vinland, however. He also started to colonize the place. It is true that the population of Greenland was not large enough to start to colonize a new land but rather Leif could still set up a small town. With evidence being found of this place in the 1900s, we can see that Leif built a place suitable for just under one hundred people. These people would live in Vinland and collect and store resources until they could be transported back to Greenland. This town also served as a launching point for further Greenland expeditions. Many people would sail from Greenland to Vinland, where they would rest, stock up on food, and then sail into uncharted territory. This settlement would later be abandoned within a decade due to conflict with Natives over the land. It was not worth the fight.

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This is actually very different then the effects of the space race, but may not be as different as it is at first glance. When we first went to the moon, we didn’t stay there for long, and we sure didn’t leave people there to start a new life. However as technology has improved we might be able to colonize the moon at some point in the future, similar to Leif starting a new settlement in Vinland. However, this is still a ways off so these effects will have to remain different for now.

“By refocusing our space program on Mars for America’s future, we can restore the sense of wonder and adventure in space exploration that we knew in the summer of 1969. We won the moon race; now it’s time for us to live and work on Mars, first on its moons and then on its surface.” -Buzz Aldrin

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When Leif returned to Greenland he tried to spread Christianity. He was able to successfully convert his mother to the religion while his father wanted to have no part of it. However, Leif’s father eventually died and Leif took over as the ruler of Greenland. This allowed him to have a huge impact on what occured in Greenland, enabling him to create the first Catholic church in greenland which was named after his mother. This, along with just spreading the word of God, allowed Erikson to successfully spread Christianity along Greenland.

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This is actually very different than the effects of the Space Race. Nobody spread religion to the moon because there was no one to spread religion to. Being that there was no life on the moon it would have been quite impossible to convert others to a different religion.

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On Leif’s way back to Greenland from Norway, he was blown off course. However, it was a positive thing for he found a new land. This land which he called Vinland (probably Canada) had many resources that Leif could bring back and use to help people in his home country, or use to start a colony in Vinland. Wanting more of these resources like grapes or salmon, Leif would explore more of this land hoping to find great resources.

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Researching the causes of Leif Erikson’s voyage, I have found many comparisons between it and the space race. Like Leif Erikson, many people involved in the space race were looking for their own sort of gold. Knowledge. The US and the Soviet Union wanted to find out more about space and what was out there. These countries wanted to know more about the universe. Both Leif and these countries wanted to find their own sort of gold.

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Before he even found Vinland, Leif Erikson wanted to head to Norway to serve as a bodyguard for King Olaf I Tryggvason. He wanted to fight for and protect this king to let people know how great he was. Once Leif found North America he also found a lot of glory being (possibly) the first to find this new land. Even today, there are many statues and even a holiday dedicated to Leif Erikson.

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This is similar to the Space Race in the fact that both the Soviet Union and the United States of America were trying to make it to the moon first, and gain spacecraft dominance. Both of these countries were trying to be the lead space explorers, letting everybody know that they were the first on the moon. Both Leif and the countries in competition wanted to find “glory”.

“We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard." -John F. Kennedy

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When Leif Erikson was in Norway, King Olaf I Tryggvason converted him to Christianity. The king then gave his bodyguard a new mission, to go back to Greenland and spread Christianity to the people there, for Greenland wasn’t very Christian at the time. Leif would succeed in this but not until after he found his his greatest discovery.

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This is actually quite different then the Space Race. The Soviet Union and the US didn’t really want to spread religion to the moon because there was no life on the moon to spread it to. Also, in more recent times, there is such a diversity in religion where the US doesn't have one religion. Americans have many different religions so they couldn’t spread all of them to the moon. Unlike Leif, there was no reason for people to spread religion in the space race.

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We can see with this quote and image that both Leif’s settlements and Columbus's crew had battles with Natives. Even though these events occurred centuries apart from each other, both of them involved fighting with Natives over land disputes.