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Theres two types of compounds in a cell :
1) Organic compound
2) Inorganic compound

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Main Difference - Organic vs Inorganic Compounds

Organic and inorganic compounds are the two broad categories of compounds in chemistry. Almost all the theories, laws and hypotheses in chemistry are made based on organic and inorganic compounds. Both types are composed of matter in any physical state: solid state, liquid state or gaseous state. The main difference between organic and inorganic compounds is that organic compounds essentially have one or more carbon atoms in their structure whereas inorganic compounds may or may not have carbon atoms.

Key Areas Covered

1. What are Organic Compounds
- Definition, Structure, Properties
2. What are Inorganic Compounds
- Definition, Structure, Properties
3. What is the difference between Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Comparison of Key Differences
Key Terms: Organic, Inorganic, Chemistry, Solid, Liquid, Gas, Covalent Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Hydrophobicity
What are Organic Compounds?

An organic compound is any compound essentially having one or more carbon atoms, covalently bonded with other elements. Most commonly, these carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms. The concept of organic compounds may be confusing at some points such as in the case of carbon dioxide (CO ₂). Although CO ₂ has a carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms, it is not considered as an organic compound due to historical reasons. Compounds like carbonates, cyanides, CO and CO 2 were discovered before the discovery of organic compounds. At that time, these were considered as inorganic compounds, and this practice still continues.

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that explains the structure, properties, reactions and other important facts about organic compounds. Organic chemistry is a complicated subject and scientists use it for the creation of a number of valuable products. Since almost all organisms are composed of organic molecules, organic compounds are essential for life on earth.

Since there are a number of various compounds included in the category of organic compounds, these compounds can be further classified in a variety of ways. The most common type of organic compounds is hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons can also be classified in various ways as these compounds have different structures, properties and show different reactions.

Polymers are another type of important organic compounds. Although some polymers are composed of inorganic backbones, they also contain organic groups and are called hybrid polymers. Polymers are used in various applications and processes which are important in day to day life.

Organic compounds such as hydrocarbons can be classified as aliphatic and aromatic according to the presence or absence of aromatic ring structures. Organic compounds are found in all three physical states in room temperature. For example,

Solid phase - some amides

Liquid phase - alcohols like ethanol

Gas phase - gases like methane

What are Inorganic Compounds?

An inorganic compound is any compound that is not an organic compound. In other words, inorganic compounds are not essentially composed of carbon atoms. There can be either carbon atoms present or absent.

Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry which explains the structures, behavior, properties, and characteristics of inorganic compounds. Inorganic compounds are mainly found as minerals, metal bound compounds or organometallic compounds.

Since many inorganic compounds are composed of metal or metal ions, they are able to conduct electricity. Some inorganic compounds can conduct electricity even without a metal such as graphite. Most inorganic compounds hold ionic bonds and covalent bonds. Many inorganic compounds are also very colorful due to the presence of d-block elements. Most of the inorganic compounds are water soluble due to their ionic bonding. These can split into their ions when added to water. Another important property is their ability to form crystals. This ability is also caused by their bonding nature.

Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Definition

Organic compounds: Organic compounds are compounds essentially having carbon atoms in the structure along with atoms like hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Inorganic Compounds: Inorganic compounds are compounds that do not essentially have carbon atoms in their structure.

Type of Bonding

Organic compounds: Organic compounds mainly show covalent bonding.

Inorganic Compounds: Inorganic compounds show ionic bonding along with covalent bonding.

Atoms Present

Organic compounds: Organic compounds essentially have C and H hydrogen atoms.

Inorganic Compounds: Inorganic compounds can have any atom except C and H directly bonded together.

Appearance

Organic compounds: Most organic compounds are colorless.

Inorganic Compounds: Most inorganic compounds are colorful.

Solubility in Water

Organic compounds: Most organic compounds do not dissolve in water due to their hydrophobicity.

Inorganic Compounds: Most inorganic compounds can dissolve in water due to the presence of ionic bonds.

Conclusion

Major areas of chemistry include Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry. Among these, organic chemistry accounts for structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds. Inorganic chemistry is the field explaining the structure, properties, and reactions of inorganic compounds. Thus, the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry stems from the difference between organic and inorganic compounds, which in turn, depends on the presence or absence of carbon atoms in their structure.

References:

1. Organic Versus Inorganic Compounds." SoftSchools.com. N.p., n.d. Web. Available here. 12 June 2017.
2. "Inorganic Chemistry." American Chemical Society. N.p., n.d. Web. Available here. 12 June 2017.

Image Courtesy:

1. "Octane-in-full" By (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia
2. "Olympicene" By Yikrazuul (talk) - Own work, Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia
3. "Silane-SiH4-2D" By Ben Mills - Own work (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia
4. "Methane-2D-small" (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia

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Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds | Definition, Structure, Properties

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Organic and inorganic compounds are the two broad categories of compounds in chemistry. Almost all the theories, laws and hypotheses in chemistry are made based on organic and inorganic compounds. Both types are composed of matter in any physical state: solid state, liquid state or gaseous state.

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1) Double stranded nucleic acid, with the two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other to form a double helix.
2) Most of the DNA are found in the nucleus of a cell
3) DNA is the genetic material that organisms inherit form their parents
4) DNA stores information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are linked to make a protein

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The DNA code for the protein remains in the nucleus , but a copy, called mRNA, moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesised in the cytoplasm . The protein produced depends on the template used, and if this sequence changes a different protein will be made.

Carrier molecules bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein in the correct order. There are only about 20 different naturally-occurring amino acids.

Each protein molecule has hundreds, or even thousands, of amino acids joined together in a unique sequence. It is then folded into the correct unique shape. This is very important, as it allows the protein to do its job. Some proteins are enzymes, others are hormones and others form structures within the body, such as collagen. Each of these proteins needs a different shape.

Cells express their genes by converting the genetic message into protein. This process of protein synthesis occurs in two stages - transcription and translation.

Transcription

When a gene is to be expressed, the base sequence of DNA is copied or transcribed into mRNA (messenger RNA). This process takes place in the nucleus and occurs in a series of stages.

1. The two strands of the DNA helix are unzipped by breaking of the weak Hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This unwinding of the helix is caused by an enzyme (helicase enzyme).

2. The enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA in a non-coding region just before the gene.

3. RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand. Free RNA nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the exposed DNA strand nucleotides by complementary base pairing to form a strand of mRNA:

Note - RNA nucleotides contain the same bases as DNA, except that T is replaced by U. U base pairs with A.

Because the opposite base bonds with the exposed DNA bases, the strand of mRNA is an opposite copy of the DNA strand (except that U replaces T). We call this a complementary copy.

4. The newly formed strand of mRNA is now ready to leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosome.

Translation

1. The mRNA strand travels through the cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome. The strand passes though the ribosome.

2. For every three mRNA bases the ribosome lines up one complementary molecule of tRNA. We call every three bases a codon .

3. tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome which they leave behind shortly after lining up opposite the DNA. Because there are three mRNA bases for each tRNA molecule, we call this the triplet code .

4. Used tRNA molecules exit the ribosome and collect another specific amino acid.

5. A chain of several hundred amino acids in the correct order according to the original DNA is then made. This is called a polypeptide .

After translation, the polypeptide is finally folded into the correct shape and becomes a protein. Peptide bonds form between the adjacent amino acids to finalise the structure.

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology (Single Science) - Reproduction, the genome and gene expression - Edexcel - Revision 6

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Page 6of 8 The DNA code for the protein remains in the nucleus , but a copy, called mRNA, moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesised in the cytoplasm .

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1) Complex marcomolecules which stores genetic information in the form of codes.
2) Basic units are nucleotides
3)Two types :
- DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
- RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

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BBC Bitesize - Higher Biology - Structure of DNA - Revision 1

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For Higher Biology, learn about DNA structure and how genetic instructions are stored, coded and transferred in living things.

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1) Made up of one or more polymers, known as polypeptides
a) each polypeptides is made up of monomers called amino acid.
b) Dipeptide consists of two monomers linked together by peptide bond formed through a condensation reaction
- can be broken down by hydrolysis

Types of protein
Primary structure
- linear sequence

Secondary Structure
-alpha helix
-beta pleated sheets

Tertiary Structure
-When the helix chain or beta sheets, folded and coiled into 3D shape

Quartenary Structure
- when more 2 or more tertiary structure polypeptide chains are arranged to form a functional and complex protein

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Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids. A typical protein is about 400 amino acids long. As there are 20 different types of naturally occurring amino acids, many different proteins can be made. Different proteins are made of different combinations of .

The sequence of amino acids in the chain determines how the chain will fold up to make the protein, so different proteins have different three-dimensional shapes.

The three-dimensional shape of a protein determines its function. This is because proteins form attachments and interact with many other molecules and structures inside organisms.

The shape of a protein determines what it can interact with, just like the shape of a key determines which locks it can operate.

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BBC Bitesize - National 5 Biology - Proteins - Revision 1

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Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids. A typical protein is about 400 amino acids long. As there are 20 different types of naturally occurring amino acids, many different proteins can be made. Different proteins are made of different combinations of .

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1 ) Fats and oils are triglycerides

A triglyceride is an ester that is formed through the condensation of one molecule of fatty acids.

Triglycerides can be broken down by hydrolysis

2) each molecule of fats and oils consists of 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 molecule of fatty acids.

3) can be saturated or unsaturated
- saturated fats are solids at room temperature
-unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

saturated fats
- no double bond

unsaturated fats
- has a double bond

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How much do you need?

Lipids are an essential component of a balanced diet. In the body, lipid molecules can be broken down to make smaller molecules of fatty acids and glycerol.

Some fatty acids, called essential fatty acids, are vital for health. They can be found in foods such as nuts, seeds or fish.

However, it is important not to each too much fatty or oily food. This is because small amounts of lipid-rich foods can store large amounts of energy. Eating too much fatty or oily food, whilst not getting enough exercise, may cause obesity.

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Lipids are an essential component of a balanced diet. In the body, lipid molecules can be broken down to make smaller molecules of fatty acids and glycerol. Some fatty acids, called essential fatty acids, are vital for health. They can be found in foods such as nuts, seeds or fish.

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- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acid

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Monosaccharides
- monomers of carbohydrates
- Can be broken down further into smaller carbohydrates
- Also known as simple sugars
Example:

glucose C6H12O6

fructose (sweet fruits and honey)

galactose (milk)

Disaccharides
- disaccharides or "double sugar" consists of two monosaccharides joined together through condensation

glucose + glucose = maltose + water

glucose + fructose = sucrose + water

glucose + galactose = lactose + water

- also known as complex sugars

- can be broken down through hydrolysis

Polysaccharides
- Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides can be linked through condensation reactions to form a long chain of molecules or a polymer
-Polysaccharides are polymers formed by the condensation of glucose monomers

example
starch (main energy storage found in plants)
glycogen (main reserve of carbohydrates in yeasts)
cellulose (plant cell walls are made out of)

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The food we eat - our diet - is made up of different biological molecules which give us energy and contain chemicals we need to grow and repair ourselves and help our cells function in our body.

Carbohydrates and fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates provide energy. There are two types - simple and complex.

Simple carbohydrates are sugars, like glucose and lactose. They are a fast acting source of energy, like biscuits or energy bars.

Complex carbohydrates are a source of slow release energy, like rice and pasta.

Cellulose, starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates. They are long chain of sugars joined together.

Cellulose - is found in plant cell walls and cannot be digested by humans. However, as fibre, it helps the muscles of the intestinal wall push food through the digestive system

Starch - is broken down by digestive enzymes into glucose, which can be used by cells to make energy

Glycogen - is a carbohydrate store within the human body and can be converted into glucose when levels are low

Fats/lipids

Fats are a store of energy, providing double the energy that carbohydrates and proteins do.

They are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.

Foods high in fat include cheese, butter and oils.

Proteins

Protein is used for the growth and repair of cells and can be used as a source of energy if carbohydrate and fat reserves are low.

Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids.

After digestion amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and brought to cells that reassemble them into proteins needed by the body (e.g. enzymes).

Foods high in protein include fish and eggs.

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology (Single Science) - Nutrition and food tests (CCEA) - Revision 1

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The food we eat - our diet - is made up of different biological molecules which give us energy and contain chemicals we need to grow and repair ourselves and help our cells function in our body. Carbohydrates and fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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1) is found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and in the nucleus
2) Messenger RNA carries DNA's genetic code into the cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of proteins
3) RNA is also the genetic material for some viruses