# data[].attributes.body
Typically, Dickens describes family as being loving and caring to each others.This is shown through the cratchit family as being the typical lower class family struggling to survive but still being happy with what they have.

Initially, dickens presents the theme of family through the cratchit family welcoming their family back from work. This is shown through the quote "Sit ye down before the fire, my dear , and have a warm,Lord bless ye".In this quotation the phrase "my dear" shows how miss cratchit loves Martha. The quote is also a term of endearment which further emphasizes miss cratchit's love for Martha. This also shows the love of family as miss cratchit only cares about the comfort of Martha after her long hard day at work. This is how Dickens presents the theme of family in this extract of the novella.

Towards the middle of stave 4 Dickens portrays the importance of family through the death of Scrooge and nobody attending his funeral. In this stave Dickens show the sadness that scrooge feels through his shock of his death and begging the ghost of yet to come, "please give me another chance to make things right". In this quote the audience learn that if even a person like scrooge is begging for another chance then family must be very important. This shows how Dickens presents the importance of family in stave 4.

Finally, Dickens presents family through scrooge going to his nephew ,Fred , Christmas party. Dickens uses the quote "may i join" and "yes uncle" to show the affection family. The first quote "may i join" suggests that scrooge is confused on whether he is allowed to join the party after the way he treats Fred. However Fred says "yes uncle" which shows that even though Scrooge treated in such a bad way he still loves him and accepts him to the party because they are family. This shows how even if you treat your family horribly like scrooge did they will still welcome you back and love you. This shows how Dickens presents the theme of family in the rest of the novella.

Ultimately, in a Christmas carol family is portrayed as being important to show the audience that they shouldn't only care about themselves and money but they should pay attention to their families and try to love family more then money or else you will end up like Scrooge and face the consequences.

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, Dicken presents Family as a loving and caring for each others.

The theme of family is shown through the crachit family as they are poor but still happy. This is shown through the quote 'Oh, A wonderful pudding' this quote shows that the family is united as bob doesn't say anything about the small pudding but complements it still this shows the family is together even though they are poor.

Another way dickens shows family is through scrooge. An example is 'Solitary as an oyster'
This quotation shows that scrooge family don't stay around his as he is lonely. This quote
is a simile to show that he is lonely. This shows the reader that scrooge was lonely at the start due to his love for money.

Towards the middle of the play dickens presents the theme of family through scrooges school days. An example is 'Father said you can come back home' this quotation shows that he had been abandoned by his family at the start of his school life but now they want him back like what is happening in the novella time where he is lonely but Fred want him to be apart of the family.

At the end of the play family is presented as kindness as Scrooge give the crachit family a turkey for nothing in return this could show that he had fully changed and that he is now wanting to be jolly and want to get over money as he spent extra money for no reason on the turkey. This could be done to show the Victorian audience that people could change from miserable to merry and could be used to encourage them to be more happy and give be generous to the needy.

Ultimately dickens presents the theme of family as the ideal way a family should act so them Victorian family could be more kind and giving to other people as well.

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, family is described as a loving parents and children living together as one unit. They care for each other, and go through their ups and downs together. Dickens use the theme of family to encourage the reader to take care of others and to show kindness, and lets them know not every family is perfect.

Initially, Dickens presents theme of family at the start of the novella when Fred, Scrooges nephew comes to visit him despite how cold Scrooge is towards him, showing the tough and bitter side of families going through ups and downs. Scrooge seem to find Fred an irrelevant part of his life like he’s a stranger only to try and shatter his happiness as Scrooge pushes Fred away, trying to weaken their bond saying “I want nothing from you; I ask nothing of you” This portrays the bitterness Fred receives from Scrooge even though he tries to become close to his beloved uncle. The use of the repletion of “nothing” emphasises how Scrooge sees Fred as nothing, unimportant and worthless likewise this is similar to how Scrooge pushes Belle away seeing more worth in money and his business than her, replacing her with a “golden idol”. Similarly in the Victorian time the rich saw more value in their luxuries rather than helping the poor in which they see no worth in, and expecting them to go to the workhouse.

Within this extract, Dickens presents the theme of family through the love and joy from the Cratchit family. They’re still joyful and grateful during the Christmas holiday even though they’re going through hardships as Mrs.Cratchit has “dressed out but poorly in a twice-turned gown” still staying positive to dress in her best clothing and enjoy the holiday with her family even though her ‘best clothes’ aren’t great however she’s still wears it with joy of her “brave in ribbons which are cheap and make a goodly show for sixpence”. The metaphor “brave in ribbons” symbolises how Mrs.Cratchit wears her “poorly in a twice-turned gown” with pride likewise her daughter, Belinda Cratchit who is also “brave in ribbons”. Also the adjective “brave” is ironic as the poor in Victorian time weren’t confident or that majorly happy working in the workhouses and being trampled over by the rich yet still grateful for everything they have, since they worked in harsh conditions and longs hours to earn a small pay. Likewise how Dickens worked at a young age at the blacking factory, being taken away from the majority of his siblings and his father, only to be left with his mother and his older sibling which he barely sees everyday as he worked long hours away from them.

Furthermore the theme of family is presented throughout the love that Scrooge has towards the Cratchit family, being a second father figure to Bob Cratchit’s children, especially to Tiny Tim in which he cares for his well being and happiness. He spreads his positivity to the beloved people in his life in which sparks the Christmas joy to himself and to the rest of his family, in which Tiny Tim concludes Scrooges words with “God bless us, Every one!” This symbolises the care and love Scrooge has for others, treating them like family and wanting the best for them in which Tiny Tim takes the words right out of his mouth of the love and care they all have for one another. The verb “bless” shows the best wishes everyone has for each other, wanting the best for all their family members likewise how Tiny Tim wants happiness and a well life for his family including Scrooge as he now has been blessed with something great through all the hardships he has gone through which is having a second father, Scrooge. This brings a realisation to the reader that helping out others will bring happiness to them and to themselves, bringing up problems that are happening like poverty in which can be stopped or decreased. Likewise readers  in the Victorian time can support the poor as  The Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834 stated that those who were in need of money had the only choice of working in the workhouse will make life harder for the poor rather than the rich donating money to the poor to help out.

Ultimately, Dickens portrays the theme of family by showing the different sides to it like the bitter side between Scrooge and his nephew Fred, the loving and grateful side of the Cratchit family who stay as a pact through all their hardships and finally how family isn’t specifically loving parents and children but the people who are a positive part of your life in which Scrooge realises that how the Cratchit family and Fred are a positive piece in his life. This message of family love and kindness awares the reader that they shouldn’t push away the people that are a positive piece in their life.

# data[].attributes.body
In the novella Dickens highlights the importance of family and how it is a source of happiness.

Typically, the theme of family can be defined as a group consisting of two parents and their children living together as a unit.

Initially, Dickens presents the theme of family in through Scrooge's nephew, Fred, at the beginning of the novella which therefore introduces a new side to the old miser. “I want nothing from you; I ask nothing of you; why cannot we be friends?” The rhetorical question 'why cannot we be friends?' emphasises that Fred just wants his uncle to be happy.This quotation conveys that Fred wants to be happy and include Scrooge in the family.  Scrooge is not fortunate for his family he has a family awaiting his dinner, waiting to celebrate the season yet he refuses; this predicts scrooge's coming downfall.

Towards the middle of the novella, the Ghost of Christmas Present shows Scrooge what is happening in the current time.  Fred's Christmas party is in full swing with all the family, except for Scrooge, which Fred comments on.  Dickens also shows happy bunches of families hunting for trees, and then they visit the home of Bob Cratchit, where the whole family is happy and celebrating together. Mrs Cratchit wears ribbons which are "cheap and make a goodly show for sixpence". This conveys that during the Victorian era society was about wealth however the Poor Law indicated that if the poor needed money then they would have had to gone into working in workhouses

Ultimately, in the beginning of the novella scrooge is presented as an misanthropic character but as the novella comes to an end we see a change in him and now is presented as a philanthrophic character. The reason for this is that the ghosts had made Scrooge see sense and helped him reedem himself for his greedy and selfish acts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
See all the wonderful things Hannah Thornton has made

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, Dickens presents the theme of family through the use of characters. Such characters include Fred. Fred, scrooge's nephew is seen as an cheerful, generous and kind-hearted person who does not allow Scrooge to  put him down when he say " I'll keep my Christmas humour to the last. So a Merry Christmas, uncle" implies that Fred is focused on positive aspects of Christmas. Fred also shows his care for his uncle by continuing on visiting Scrooge " I mean to give him the same chance every year, whether he likes it or not, for I pity him"

Initially, Christmas began during the Victorian era. It was seen as a time where businesses take holiday, people and families come together. They'd eat turkey and give one another gifts. Dickens writes A Christmas Carol to try an change the view of Christmas as a time where everyone is happy and come together. In the novella, Scrooge is seen to be " solitary as an oyster" this simile tells us that Scrooge doesn't like to be close to anyone in his family. However, oyster is not just hard but can broken, in which the ghosts sent to so. This is because Scrooge was neglected and isolated by people around him as a child. Resulting in his selfish characteristics and not liking those who are around him. Bob Cratchit,

# data[].attributes.body
Dickens uses different techniques to create the feeling of a happy family, even though the Cratchits are very poor.

The author is trying to infer that the

Cratchit family is thankful, heart warming and grateful. when the author write "Lord Bless ye". We can highlight that Mrs Cratchit

was giving a short prayer to god about how thankful she is having a Christmas dinner with her family. Furthermore,

# data[].attributes.body
Dickens uses many characters throughout the story in order to show the importance of family. The Ghost of Christmas Past shows Scrooge's long lost fiancé, back when Scrooge had the opportunity to make a loving family of his own, but to no avail, Scrooge chooses greed and ambition over the woman he loved.

Initially the theme of family is significantly shown through the Cratchit family and how love and overpowers the theme of poverty. In the scene in the centre of the book, the Cratchits are eating Christmas dinner, while Scrooge and the Ghost of Christmas Present watch them. The family eat their goose and then move on to the second course and the atmosphere is full of happiness and excitement, as the family wait for Mrs Cratchit to bring out the pudding. The quote "We'd a deal of work to finish up last night," shows the hardworking of the family and what they would do for eachother.

The pudding is highly symbolic because although it is only small, the family take great pride in it and it shows effort and hard work. This suggests that Dickens wants to show how every little helps and how poverty will never empower the strength of love.

Towards the middle of the

.

# data[].attributes.body
Typically family can can described as being there for each other
The extract shows family and togetherness as 'she laid the cloth assisted by Belinda cratchit'. This evidently shows how close the Cratchit family as they help each other. To reinforce the ideology of togetherness, it talks about how Peter crarchit helps out in the family. This clearly shows no segregation between the family as they always help each other to bring the family more close and tight knitted.

Initially, the novella creates an aura of family and happiness. Although Scrooge is 'as solitary as an oyster'. Dickens went to a blackening factory. He worked for long hours with little pay doing excruciating labour. He was alone and isolated as a  child with  no one to keep him comapny.

As the novella develops, we learn that Fred is Scrooge's only kin. He was unwanted and disliked by his father. We know this when Scrooge says to Franne ' What about father?'
Fred attempts to be kind and welcoming towards his uncle when he says ,Merry Christmas uncle' This shows how close and hard he is trying to kindle a relationship with his uncle.

Ultimately, the theme of family is used to make the Victorian audience love thier kin and it created an impact

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, the theme of family is significantly shown through the Cratchit family, Fred's love for his uncle and even the different memories Scrooge is taken back to by the Ghost of Christmas Past.

The theme of family is symbolised through the Cratchit family and their ability to stay as one unit despite their poverty and lack of basic necessities. During Scrooge’s trip to the Cratchit family Christmas Dinner with the Ghost of Christmas Present, we learn that their poverty has come to such an extent that even Martha, one of Cratchit’s daughters, works on Christmas day because she had “a deal of work to finish up last night”. This would make modern readers sympathise for this poor child who had o grow up much too fast and miss out on her childhood in order to provide for her family. This would have been the norm of Victorian families who are in poverty as they would not have had the skills and qualifications required to have a sufficient income. In addition, the use of the metaphor "brave in ribbons" effectively highlights the poverty the Cratchit family face and significantly shows that despite their misfortune in life that they are still one unit. that they are still whole. The effect this could have on upper-class Victorian readers is that it could perhaps persuade them to be more considerate of the poor and could make them feel guilty about their treatment of the poor and the effect this has on their families

As the novella progresses, the theme of family can be shown through Fred's love for his uncle. Throughout the novella despite Scrooge's misanthropic characteristics Fred stays true and loyal to his family, to his uncle. "Uncle, Elizabeth and I wish you to join us for dinner". The repetitive use of calling Scrooge "uncle" reinforces this concept of family and conveys this idea that Scrooge will always be Fred's family in spite of his harsh ways. This would make readers question why Fred is so respectful and kind to this miserable and cruel man he has to call uncle. Additionally, it brings out the theme of family, where Fred is asking his uncle to join him for Christmas dinner, despite his antisocial character. We can infer that Fred wishes to be a family for Christmas which is rather rare for Scrooge to grasp.

Towards the end of the novella, Dickens effectively presents the theme of family through Scrooge's transformation and reform of character, where Scrooge buys the Cratchit family a turkey; "I'll send it to Bob Cratchit's" and even makes an appearance at Fred's Christmas Party. This is significant as is shows that Scrooge's reform of character involved understanding the importance of loved ones and family. The effect this would have on upper-class Victorian readers is that it could perhaps persuade them to grasp this theme of family, to appreciate and cherish their loved ones as they won't always be there.

# data[].attributes.body
Typically,  Dickens presents the theme of family as a theme which is thoroughly applied to the Cratchit's throughout the entirety of the novella. Dickens purposely uses the Cratchit family to represent the typical lower class family who tend to experience high levels of poverty during the Victorian era.

Initially,  Dickens presents family as a theme which significantly is not applied to Scrooge throughout most of the novella. The Victorian audience begin to grasp an inkling of the typical old miser which he is due his complete disinterest towards family and happiness. This is firmly portrayed through the use of disinterested language as he says "Ba Hamburg" This coveys the type of selfish character which he has due to his unwillingness to interact with his family and preventing the spread of happiness amongst him and his family. The use of an exclamatory sentence emphasizes on the self focused and selfish attitude which he contains.

Towards the middle of the novella Scrooge begins to retrieve a better understanding of family and the deeper meaning behind the inclusion of happiness between family and friends. This is evidently presented through Scrooges visit with the ghost of Christmas present to the Cratchit's where the interaction between family contradicts Scrooges feelings towards it at the start. This is due to their motivating and encouragement they give as Mrs Cratchit says "Never mind, as long as you come" , this displays the type of positive attitude that they have towards family compared to the negativity which surrounds Scrooge. The use of  Welcoming language in the phrase 'as long as you come' suggests that only positivety surround them and they would go very far to support their peers. The Victorian audience can now compare and differentiate between the attitudes of the lower and upper class towards family.  This is due to the fact that most typical lower class families in that era were extremely supportive of their family and constant love was spread amongst them. Likewise the upper class tend to be the opposite as they possessed attributes such as arrogance and selfishness.

Closer to the end of the novella, Scrooge is presented as an opposite of the one he once was and as a philanthropic character, This is due to Scrooges use of concluding words as he says "God bless us everybody", This Symbolises Scrooges love and care which he now possesess. The use of the noun "God" clearly emphasises the change in Scrooges character to philanthropic as he now wishing the best upon his family and hopes that God can ultimately guide them. The Victorian audience have now seen

# data[].attributes.body
Typically in Christmas Carol Dick ens presents the theme of family as a way of uniting people and uses it to present his idea of social equality.

Initially Dickens presented scrooge as "solitary as an oyster". Dickens deliberately uses the simile of scrooge being an "oyster" in order to demonstrate the importance of family on an individual, as scrooge pushes away his family and was isolated as child.. As a result of this scrooge has become emotionless and very selfish. This is evident whens Scrooge is taken by the ghost of Christmas to his old school and shown himself sitting in the classroom while everyone is going home to celebrate Christmas.

As the novella develops, the reader is presented with the unity and companionship in the Cratchit family. Which is used to symbolize the patience and gratefulness of poor people in London during the  Victorian era,who were neglected and treated harshly. The conversations between the members of the family clearly portray how humble they are. this is evident when bob Cratchit makes a toast to scrooge and says "founder of the feast" despite the fact that scrooge barely pays Bob enough wages to get by. this clearly shows how grateful the poor are even with the lowest quality of life and without the bare necessities such as food or a place to sleep,which was what inspired dickens to write the novella.

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, a family is defined as a group of people consisting two parents and children. The theme of family is shown through the Cratchet family. Dickens uses the theme of family to encourage the reader to change attitude

In the beginning of the novella, Dickens’ uses Scrooge to portray the insignificance of family when Fred comes to Scrooge to say ‘Merry Christmas’ and gives a impertinent reply of ‘Bah, Humbug!’ this use of a short sentence show the tepidity and the lack of empathy towards Fred and Christmas itself.  As the sprits come into his life shows him the past and future. His attitude towards family itself will change. Dickens also uses family in the novella to exemplify that any financial instability within the family can increase the togetherness within the family also. Scrooge’s hard exterior reflects on his pessimistic attitude towards family throughout the novella.  This is shown when dickens described scrooge as ‘hard and sharp as flint’ and ‘solitary as an oyster’. The word ‘solitary’ reflects on Dickens’ himself as he experienced life in the workhouse where there would be a lack of communication and only hard labour. Furthermore this attitude of scrooge further contradicts with the attitudes of the typical elite class.

Towards the middle of the novella, Dickens uses the Cratchit family to show the Victorian readers the importance of family.  He purposefully uses the Cratchet’s to symbolise that love will always prevail over poverty. In this extract, the Ghost of Christmas Present takes Scrooge to visit Bobs Cratchets house only because Scrooge has a negative attitude towards family. During the 1840s Dickens allowed his own personal experiences to link with the attitude of the Victorian readers. During Christmas they had not been privileged enough to afford the basic necessities. This is evident in the extract when it says “dressed out but poorly” the word poorly reflects on the lower class people as they could not afford their basic needs. The poverty that the cratchet family is going through is further exemplified with the sort of language Dickens’ uses to intrigue the reader to put themselves into the Cratchets perspective.

Furthermore, towards the end of the novella Scrooge has been through a major transformation as he went from being ‘solitary as an oyster’ to ‘light as a feather’ there is a major contradiction between the words ‘oyster’ and ‘feather’ as both describe scrooges transformation through the progression of the play. This transformation of the attitude toward family is evident when Scrooge sends a turkey to the cratchet house. This foreshadows that scrooge has become a caring and selfless person.  The writers purpose was to help the reader realise the importance and significance of family.

Ultimately, Dickens portrays the theme of family by showing that no matter what instability the family is going through there always should be a sense of togetherness within the family. He also shows how attitudes towards family can change for the Victorian readers

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, Dickens describes family as being loving and caring to each others.This is shown through the cratchit family as being the typical lower class family struggling to survive but still being happy with what they have. 

Initially, dickens presents the theme of family through the cratchit family welcoming their family back from work. This is shown through the quote "Sit ye down before the fire, my dear , and have a warm,Lord bless ye".In this quotation the phrase "my dear" shows how miss cratchit loves Martha. The quote is also a term of endearment which further emphasizes miss cratchit's love for Martha. This also shows the love of family as miss cratchit only cares about the comfort of Martha after her long hard day at work. This is how Dickens presents the theme of family in this extract of the novella.

Towards the middle of stave 4 Dickens portrays the importance of family through the death of Scrooge and nobody attending his funeral. In this stave Dickens show the sadness that scrooge feels through his shock of his death and begging the ghost of yet to come, "please give me another chance to make things right". In this quote the audience learn that if even a person like scrooge is begging for another chance then family must be very important. This shows how Dickens presents the importance of family in stave 4.

Finally, Dickens presents family through scrooge going to his nephew ,Fred , Christmas party. Dickens uses the quote "may i join" and "yes uncle" to show the affection family. The first quote "may i join" suggests that scrooge is confused on whether he is allowed to join the party after the way he treats Fred. However Fred says "yes uncle" which shows that even though Scrooge treated in such a bad way he still loves him and accepts him to the party because they are family. This shows how even if you treat your family horribly like scrooge did they will still welcome you back and love you. This shows how Dickens presents the theme of family in the rest of the novella.

Ultimately, in a Christmas carol family is portrayed as being important to show the audience that they shouldn't only care about themselves and money but they should pay attention to their families and try to love family more then money or else you will end up like Scrooge and face the consequences.


5 comments
Avatar of mohammad rami
mohammad rami 1h
you didnt even start lol
Avatar of Salah Mohamed
Salah Mohamed 1h
you got no bedrin rami
Avatar of mohammad rami
mohammad rami 1h
shh salah you havent done no work you smik
Avatar of Salah Mohamed
Salah Mohamed 1h
i aint doing inspectort calls
Avatar of Hannah Thornton
Hannah Thornton 1h
no AO2 - where is your analysis of the quotation and the effect on the reader - what techniques are used and why are they used?
Your avatar

Add comment

more_vert
Mumeet
Mumeet
Typically, Dick

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, the theme of family can be seen as a group of people who care for one another.
starting with this extract, Dickens presents the theme of family through many events that take place throughout the story.

Initially, at the beginning of the novella scrooge is seen as 'solitary as an oyster' and 'miserable'.This suggests that scrooge is not seen as a family member and creates a bad impression for the reader. The word 'solitary' suggests that scrooge is alone and is dependent upon himself. This contradicts what a Victorian family would be like especially at the time of Christmas. In Victorian era the people would see chrismas as a time of togetherness and moments to enjoy with your family. However scrooge completely goes against this. Furthermore this is further reinforced when the reader sees a rude reply from scrooge towards his nephew Fred. This is seen in stave 1 when he says 'bah humbug'. the use of the short sentence suggests that scrooge does not bother or care about what his nephew is saying. This goes against the word family as scrooge is not being someone who is caring and does not carry the family roles.

Further into the novella the reader starts to see a slow change in scrooge and his attitudes towards Christmas and also family. this is clearly seen when the ghost of Christmas present takes scrooge to the cratchit family and he sees what state they are in.However the cratchit family are seen as close together and seen as happy even when they are in a critical moment in their life because of tiny tim. This allows scrooge to to realize how he can change the poor state of many families through doing small acts such as giving charity and giving days off to workers on special occasions. This encourages the reader to do these acts, as little acts such as giving charity can
change a person or a group of peoples lives.In this case scrooge helps out the Cratchit family by paying for their turkey. This foreshadows that scrooge is yet to become a caring and thankful person for what he has.Furthermore, Dickens uses scrooge as a powerful figure to make the reader realize that a big change can take within a short amount of time.

# data[].attributes.body
In this part of the novella, the Ghost of Christmas Present takes Scrooge to visit Bob Cratchit’s house. Then up rose Mrs Cratchit, Cratchit's wife, dressed out but poorly in a twice-turned gown, but brave in ribbons, which are cheap and make a goodly show for sixpence; and she laid the cloth, assisted by Belinda Cratchit, second of her daughters, also brave in ribbons; while Master Peter Cratchit plunged a fork into the saucepan of potatoes, and getting the corners of his monstrous shirt collar (Bob's private property, conferred upon his son and heir in honour of the day) into his mouth, rejoiced to find himself so gallantly attired, and yearned to show his linen in the fashionable Parks. And now two smaller Cratchits, boy and girl, came tearing in, screaming that outside the baker's they had smelt the goose, and known it for their own; and basking in luxurious thoughts of sage and onion, these young Cratchits danced about the table, and exalted Master Peter Cratchit to the skies, while he (not proud, although his collars nearly choked him) blew the fire, until the slow potatoes bubbling up, knocked loudly at the saucepan-lid to be let out and peeled. "What has ever got your precious father then?" said Mrs Cratchit. "And your brother, Tiny Tim; And Martha warn't as late last Christmas Day by half-an-hour." "Here's Martha, mother," said a girl, appearing as she spoke. "Here's Martha, mother!" cried the two young Cratchits. "Hurrah! There's such a goose, Martha!" "Why, bless your heart alive, my dear, how late you are!" said Mrs Cratchit, kissing her a dozen times, and taking off her shawl and bonnet for her with officious zeal. "We'd a deal of work to finish up last night," replied the girl, "and had to clear away this morning, mother." "Well. Never mind so long as you are come," said Mrs Cratchit. "Sit ye down before the fire, my dear, and have a warm, Lord bless ye."

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, family is normally described as a group of people consisting of two parents and children, usually living under the same roof. Dickens uses the theme of family to encourage the reader to stay close to family.

Initially, Dickens conveys the theme of family at the beginning through Scrooges nephew, Fred. In stave one, Fred invites Scrooges to a Christmas dinner which Scrooge rejects as he is more work focused and sees Christmas as a time of “paying bills” and as a time where people can take money from his pockets without having to work for it. Fred also asks Scrooge as to why they “cannot… be friends?” The rhetorical question “why cannot we be friends?” and the rejection to the invitation causes the reader to question Scrooges relationship with his family. The readers can infer that Scrooges may have never really had a good relationship with his family in the past which potentially be the reason as to why he does not have a good relation with his nephew now.

Towards the middle of the novella, dickens presents the theme of family through the love and joy portrayed in the Cratchit family. They are still joy filled and grateful for everything they have been given, even though the hardships they have been facing especially with Tiny Tim being extremely ill. The hardship can also be portrayed through Mrs Cratchit being “dressed out poorly in a twice turned gown” she still finds a way to stay positive and dress in her best clothing, even though her ‘best clothing’ are not great. However, she still finds a way to wear it with joy and enjoy the time she spends with her family. The metaphor “brave in ribbons” allows us as readers to infer that she wears her “twice turned gown” with pride. Additionally, the adjective “brave” is very ironic as the less well-off Victorians were not confident or happy about having to work in the workhouses and being stepped on by the bourgeoisie. This conveys to us the difference in the relationship of the Cratchit family compared to Scrooge and his nephew, Fred.

As the novella comes to an end, the theme of family is portrayed through the love that Scrooge has developed towards the Cratchit family, this can be conveyed through Scrooge becoming a “second father to Tiny Tim”. Tiny Tim concludes Scrooges words with “God bless us, everyone!” The exclamatory sentence symbolises the care and love Scrooge has for others and treating them like family and wanting the absolute best for them. The verb “bless” shows the best wishes everyone has for each other, wanting the best for all their family members like how Tiny Tim wants happiness and a well life for his family including Scrooge. This brings the reader to a realisation that helping others out can bring them a sort of happiness. This would also allow the readers to sympathise with the poor as it is difficult to receive help due to the Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834.

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, the theme of family is normally described as to be a group of people united in the time of need. Dicken cleverly presents the theme of family through the Cratchit family as well as Fred.

Initially, the beginning of the novella, consists of the Ghost of Christmas Past taking Scrooge to visit the ‘isolated’ schoolboy. The first image of Scrooge was him sitting alone at his desk with no one around him, he was ‘as solitary as an oyster’. This simile portrays that Scrooge is very tightly closed and will not open without hard force. Additionally, the noun of ‘oyster’ suggests that underneath the hard shell, there is a delicate and soft side to him. Deliberately, Dickens might have done this to make the readers ponder on the idea of Scrooge’s past and how his families’ attitudes were towards him. This has an impact on the reader as, they would consider in how Scooge’s father raised Scrooge. The way his father brought him up, he had no other male role model, and was raised in the wrong way.

The adjective ‘solitary’ represents scrooge as being isolated, which further reinforces, he strongly believed that he did not need anyone even his own family. Therefore, Dicken presents the theme of family through Scrooge having no family.

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, family would be described as a group of people who are connected through relationships whether it be by blood,kin or any other relationship.

Initially, Dickens explores the theme of family as insignificant and irrelevant which is shown in stave one as Fred comes to visit scrooge at his workplace to politely ask him "I want nothing from you; I ask nothing of you; why cannot we be friends?" and scrooge dismisses him not wanting to answer back.The rhetorical question  "why cannot we be friends?" allows the reader to question his bond with his family and see if the result of his negligence was because of  his past whit suggests that scrooge didn't have a good relationship with his parents who neglected him in the past.we have seen this in stave two when the ghost of Christmas past shows Scrooge  "A solitary child, neglected by his friends" .The  adjective "neglected" convinces the reader of the harsh treatment he had to face with his family and  lack of compassion his parents showed him. In the past ,Dickens relationship with father was poor since he was sent to debtors prison and dickens was forced to stay at the work houses .Dickens makes use of his past to allow readers to remain connected with their family unless you would want to face the consequences of turning into miser like scrooge.

In the extract ,Dickens expresses the theme of family in stave  three  when  scrooge is brought into the Cratchit family's household to view their compassion they spread to each other on Christmas Eve.this is shown when Mrs cratchit says

"sit ye down before the fire my dear and have a warm, lord bless ye." .The term of endearment "Dear" reveals that she loves her family deeply and they are extremely important to her.Upon reading this , the reader would start to sympathize for the cratchit family because they have nothing compared to Scrooge however they are much happier than him since they have each other and love one another the same way.

At the end of the novella ,the theme of family is illustrated as loving and caring.

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, family is portrayed to be a symbol of love, unity and brings strength out of one and another. Dickens presents the theme of family for the duration of the novella. We see that family is not only holds Significant on the outcome that yet to be unfolded. During 1843 Dickens allows his opinions to seep through the novella from his own personal experience.

Initially, Dickens conveys family to hold a value but is insignificant and bothersome. In stave 1 Fred intrudes Scrooges busy life and says "Merry Christmas uncle" however Scrooge indicates that he has no care about the presences of his last standing family member and tries to shut him off by interrupting him by saying "Good day" the short sentence implies that scrooge has no care, love or appreciation for his family even though its his last. On the other hand we are introduced to Scrooges hard exterior through his sharp and snappy comments furthermore even portrayed in the description "hard and sharp as flint" this shows that no matter how hard you try to break him it will only lead to more difficulty however is not an impossible act. furthermore
this can be a representation of how Dickens himself had viewed family through his own eyes furthermore during the Victorian times dickens had a hard life where even seeing his family provided him a great amount of difficulty.

Towards the middle of the novella, Family is shown through other aspects and not just through Scrooges life. Family is illustrated for its true and how one should be like through the Cratchits family filled with the love and adoration and teach the true values that a family instills. The Cratchits have very little to nothing and still with all the pain and suffering they still to be joyous and caring. when Martha states "we'd a deal of work to finish up last night" shows that even though she works she still holds family to heart as the sacrificed her childhood give the family a helping hand, the word "last night" shows that she has to work hard to help there family as now some of the responsibility has erupted on to her shoulders but has no hatred to her family as the tone that has been set out is filled with respect and understanding that further reinforces that family is not hold up by how much ones states nor money they hold but in actually is about the placement of being with each other. Dickens insinuates that even though he may not even felt the presences or seen what a true family he wants to enlighten the readers during the time that even if your poor and what actually matters in life is family that the point of family playing a large amount in the play that in life.

Closer to the end of the novella, The theme of family is illustrated as

# data[].attributes.body
Typically, a family consists of a group of people that are united and dickens purposefully presents the theme of family through the Cratchit's family and Freds which is further a symbol of love where is overpowered the presence of poverty.

Initially in this extract, Dickens presents the theme of family through the love and joyful and grateful for the little they have. During their christmas holiday although being less privileged and going thorough hardship they were “dressed        out but poorly” they were very happy for the little they had. “brave in ribbons”. This is a further symbolism of how  mrs cratchit wears"poorly in a twiced turned grown".

This was a norm in the Victorian families who are in poverty as they would not have had the skills and qualification required to have sufficient income. This is portrayed through the use of cratchits daughter Martha who worked during Christmas.
Firstly, at the beginning of the extract the theme of family was quite insignificant and irrelevant which is shown is stave one as Fred comes to visit scrooge at his workplace.
dickens deliberately describes scoorge as solitary as an oyster, this symbolizes scrooges desolate and loneliness.

This simile portrays that Scrooge is very narrow-minded and will not open without hard force. furthermore, the choice of word ‘oyster’ suggests that underneath the hard shell, there is a delicate and soft side to him. Deliberately, Dickens might have done this to make the readers ponder on the idea of Scrooge’s past and how his families’ attitudes were towards him. This has an impact on the reader as, they would consider in how Scrooge’s father raised Scrooge. The way his father brought him up, he had no other male role model, and was raised in the wrong way.
The adjective ‘solitary’ represents scrooge as being isolated, which further reinforces, he strongly believed that he did not need anyone even his own family and likes to keep by himself.
Alternately, another way to interpret this is that underneath an oyster there always a precious gem, which oerhaps is a symbol to suggest thast there is good in scorrge.