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In many places of Colombia the consumption of iguana egg occurs

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The lazy bears are removed from their natural habitat to use as pets

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The skin of tapir hatchlings is marketed to make items such as bags, belts and other leather goods

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Are evident the root causes that contribute to global warming and a host of evidence of the reality that affects us; such as: raising the temperature of the earth, melting glaciers, rising ocean level, increases the frequency and intensity of weather events, all as a result of the unusual accumulation of greenhouse gases, as product of human activity. There are implications that directly or indirectly, the climate change has to health in particular for Andean countries; such as: disorders linked to the availability and quality of water and food, respiratory disease, vector-borne infections, cancer and pathologies chronic degenerative tables associated with climatic disasters and extreme temperatures. Finally we review proposals and courses of action.
http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342009000100016

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the commercialization in colombia of wild species of fauna and flora is given for the illegal trade as pets or ornamental plants, manufacture of fashion articles, food

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In recent years there has been an increase in the average temperature, reduction of frosts and changes in precipitation

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There are more than 300 invasive species in Colombia!!

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Especies invasoras se calcula que en Colombia hay más de 300

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Hay más de 300 especies invasoras en Colombia

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Un nuevo informe de la Universidad Nacional y el Jardín Botánico de Bogotá muestra nuevas cifras sobre esta situación.

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The introductions of species can be beneficial for man, given their economic and / or productive importance, in some cases they become constituent elements of the cultural and economic heritage of a region such as Coffee (Coffea arabica), Sugar Cane ( Saccharum officinarum), the Coco (Cocos nucifera) and the Banano (Musa paradisiaca), among others. However, many of the species that have been introduced, have been established, maintain viable populations, have become a constituent part of the ecosystems where native species have been taken and displaced, becoming invasive species. This benefit for man becomes a detriment to the ecosystems and their natural populations, which reduces the ecosystem services that they provide and, in the end, generate huge economic and social losses.
https://www.sinchi.org.co/files/publicaciones/publicaciones/pdf/invasoras%20final%20web.pdf

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Over the years, the strategies that have allowed stripes and other cartilaginous fishes to survive successfully in the marine environment and have a wide distribution in all the world's oceans have been recognized. On the other hand, its fishery and commercialization have been increasing during the last decades, generating strong pressures on many species and uncertainty about the current abundance and distribution of their populations.
http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/mar/v36n1/v36n1a12.pdf

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The threats to Colombian biodiversity occur mainly due to habitat fragmentation, deforestation, mining, exploitation of fossil fuels, overexploitation of species.

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Threatened, commercialized and invasive species

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Threatened, commercialized and invasive species

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According to the bulletin of the year 2014 of the Institute of Investigation of Biological Resources Alexander von Humboldt that they find 1200 species of fauna and flora threatened. This number has increased according to the current report of the Biodiversity Information System of Colombia (SiB) to 1302. The number of species is determined from the red lists of species and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

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Biodiversidad colombiana: números para tener en cuenta Bogotá, D. C. 11 de septiembre de 2017
Colombia conmemora su Día Nacional de la Biodiversidad en honor al sabio naturalista, José Celestino Mutis, quien murió el 11 de septiembre de 1808. Gracias a la Expedición Botánica que lideró, el sabio dejó una significativa colección de plantas que hoy son base para el inventario nacional de diversidad biológica.

A propósito de esta fecha, el Instituto Humboldt comparte cifras y algunos datos infográficos recopilados en su Reporte de Estado y Tendencias de la Biodiversidad de Colombia (RET) y en la sección Biodiversidad en cifras del SiB Colombia, para dimensionar la enorme riqueza en diversidad biológica del país y al tiempo la muy alta vulnerabilidad ante factores que hoy precipitan su pérdida.
Factores de pérdida de biodiversidad en Colombia
La biodiversidad colombiana ha evidenciado una disminución promedio del 18%. La mayor amenaza está en la pérdida de hábitats naturales, por lo general, relacionada con la agricultura y la ganadería expansiva.

Sumados a estos factores están el riesgo de invasiones biológicas, vacíos de información, la presencia de especies invasoras, cambios en las condiciones climáticas y actividades humanas de diversa índole como la deforestación, la minería ilegal, cultivos ilícitos, la sobreexplotación de especies silvestres, el tráfico, la caza, la depredación, la contaminación del agua, expansión urbana e industrial, entre otras.

Biodiversidad en cifras Números por grupos biológicos
Colombia tiene un estimado de 56.343 especies sin considerar la enorme diversidad de microorganismos existentes.

Aunque es difícil estimar el número total de especies que habitan el país, es posible hacernos una idea de la diversidad que conocemos en cada grupo biológico del cual existen datos; en este caso vertebrados, invertebrados, plantas, líquenes, algas y hongos.
Especies amenazadas en Colombia
En especies endémicas

Plantas, anfibios, orquídeas, mariposas, peces de agua dulce, reptiles, aves, palmas y mamíferos hacen parte de los grupos biológicos con especies únicas de Colombia para el mundo.
Especies objeto de comercio
Se estima que cerca de 1200 especies están amenazadas en el país según la información obtenida de la serie Libros Rojos de Colombia, la resolución 092 de 2014 y los criterios establecidos por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN).
Especies introducidas, invasoras o trasplantadas
Un total de 1503 especies serían objeto de comercio de acuerdo con los criterios de la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES).
Ranking mundial de biodiversidad
Del total de especies reportadas, 293 han sido evaluadas mediante herramientas de Análisis de Riesgo de Invasión, las cuales han permitido identificar 96 especies como de Alto Riesgo de Invasión.
Adicional a esto se reconocen otras 22 especies invasoras de fauna y flora declaradas de forma oficial por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADS).
Colombia y el mundo

Colombia es primer lugar en especies de aves y orquídeas

Es el segundo en el mundo en riqueza de plantas, anfibios, mariposas y peces de agua dulce.

Somos tercer país en número de especies de palmas y reptiles.

Ocupamos el cuarto lugar en mamíferos.

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Biodiversidad colombiana: números para tener en cuenta

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Biodiversidad colombiana: números para tener en cuenta Bogotá, D. C. 11 de septiembre de 2017 Colombia conmemora su Día Nacional de la Biodiversidad en honor al sabio naturalista, José Celestino Mutis, quien murió el 11 de septiembre de 1808.

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The western Amazon is the most biologically rich part of the Amazon basin and is home to a great diversity of indigenous ethnic groups, including some of the world's last uncontacted peoples living in voluntary isolation. Underlying this landscape are large reserves of oil and gas, many yet untapped. The growing global demand is leading to unprecedented exploration and development in the region.

Without improved policies, the increasing scope and magnitude of planned extraction means that environmental and social impacts are likely to intensify.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0002932

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In Latin America oil palm acreage has also been steadily increasing, especially in countries such as Colombia, the largest producer by far. However, information on the biological implications of rapid land conversion to oil palm in the region remains scarce

https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40703/1/40703%20Pardo%20Vargas%20et%20al%202015.pdf

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The distribution, habitat loss, density, fragmentation and their influence on group sizes of Callicebus ornatus were evaluated between 2004 and 2011 in an area around San Martin de los Llanos, Meta, Colombia. The distribution of the species in official conservation areas is about 49.074,79 km 2 ; however, the total areal is highly fragmented by agricultural crops and other activities. As a result, the actual area available for this primate species is less than 39.404,454 km 2 (35% of habitat reduction, data from 2001 to 2008).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273630582_10_Population_density_and_habitat_availability_of_Callicebus_ornatus_a_Colombian_endemic_titi_monkey

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THEME 3 : Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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THEME 3 : Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

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The partitioning of microhábitats by five species of frogs in the families Bufonidae (Rhinella marina, R. granulosa), and Leiuperidae (Engystomops pustulosus, Pleurodema brachyops and Pseudopaludicola pusilla) in six different localities of the Colombian Caribean with tropical dry forest fragments and different land uses. Microhábitats distribution as a mechanism of coexistence in these species is implemented for dry season but in rainfall season this mechanism not exists.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261372609_Two_New_Species_of_Salamanders_Genus_Bolitoglossa_Amphibia_Plethodontidae_from_the_Eastern_Colombian_Andes

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Ateles belzebuth, Lagothrix lagothricha, Cebus apella, andAlouatta seniculus were gathered during 13 months at Tinigua National Park (Colombia), in an effort to test the following hypotheses concerning competition for fruits. Coexistence is possible because: (1) during periods when fruit availability is limited, the species utilize different resources; and (2) the species have different fruit preferences independent of fruit production in the forest. Differences were found in resource use (diet and habitat) for all four species.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00499.x

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Classification of the  abundances of the  species of hummingbirds in Parque  Natural Municipal Ranchería, (Boyacá) and  their

annual cycles of breeding, molt, fat reserves and body mass in relation to the seasonality of flowers they visited in high An-

dean forest and areas where the removal of forest cover had permitted invasion by plants of the páramo.
More https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279193784_El_ciclo_anual_de_una_comunidad_de_colibries_Trochilidae_en_bosques_altoandinos_intactos_y_paramizados_en_la_Cordillera_Oriental_de_Colombia

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The Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) is an effective cowbird host (Molothrus bonariensis) that does not eject parasite eggs.
More: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/auk.2013.12164?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

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The flowerpiercers  (Birds: Diglossa and Diglossopis) have been considered parasites of the interactions between hummingbirds and flowers, because they are highly specialized nectar stealers.
Because flowerpiercersaccess the reward that
offer the plants, apparently without any service
in retribution (pollination), have been considered
"Scammers" or "parasites"
More: http://asociacioncolombianadeornitologia.org/wp-content/uploads/revista/oc5/pinchaflores21-39.pdf

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Hemipteros zoophytophagous, that they feed on whiteflies, aphids, thrips, mites and eggs of noctuid moths

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Dicyphus agilis (Hemiptera: Miridae), a New Record as Predator of Aphids in Tobacco Crops in Colombia

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Dicyphus agilis Uhler (Hemiptera: Miridae) is reported for the first time in Colombia as a predator of aphids. This study describes the external morphology and genitalia of the most prominent structures of males and females of D. agilis, which are necessary to differentiate this species from others with phytophagous habits in Colombia.

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Morphological studies in hummingbirds have focused mainly on the coevolution of the shape of the bird's beak and the flower's corollas. However, hummingbirds, in addition to nectar, consume a protein load from small arthropods. There are differences in the foraging depending on the species and even between sexes of the same species.
Initial characterization of predation of arthropods by hummingbirds in high mountain environments
Predators: Coeligena helianthea, Colibri coruscans, Eriocnemis vestita and Metallura tyrianthina.
Preys: Diptera (77.1%) and hymenoptera (4%) and the rest were arthropods of
substrate, such as spiders (18.9%) and hemiptera (6%)
More: http://asociacioncolombianadeornitologia.org/wp-content/uploads/revista/oc7/Rico.pdf

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The Natural Sciences Collection at the Museum of Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia)

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The Natural Sciences Collection at the Museum of Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia)

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This collection has around 35,000 pieces among naturalized animals, skeletons, study skins, wet-preserved specimens, minerals, fossils, and scientific illustrations. This is a contribution to the dissemination of Colombia’s natural resources, especially the fauna, and to raising awareness of the importance of environmental preservation.

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Protected areas in Colombia have a hierarchical classification depending on the characteristics of the place and the conservation purposes of each site
http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/es/mapa-de-parques-nacionales-naturales-de-colombia/

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Colombia is one of the richest countries in biological diversity in the world. This diversity is represented in 59 natural areas belonging to the System of National Natural Parks that represent 14'268.224 hectares (142,682 km2) of the national surface (marine and terrestrial), where 11.27% constitutes the continental area and 1.5% the marine area.
http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/es/parques-nacionales/

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Endemic frog to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. It is threatened by habitat loss.
https://checklist.pensoft.net/article/18072/

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Species of hummingbird endemic to Colombia, confined to a small region in the western Andes of Colombia.
http://asociacioncolombianadeornitologia.org/wp-content/uploads/revista/oc3/rediscoveryDusky28.pdf

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The theory of Pleistocene refuges and the evolutionary history of the biota reflected in the biogeographic units have been one of the main criteria to help delimit the centers with endemic species in Colombia. These centers of endemism remained relatively stable during the periods in which they predominated, either dry or wet conditions allowing the speciation and diversification of the species that survived in these humid shelters covered with forest or in the dry shelters covered with savannas. The centers of endemism are the result of the processes of fragmentation of the distribution area and temporary isolation of the
species contained in these centers.

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https://sibcolombia.net/actualidad/biodiversidad-en-cifras/

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https://sibcolombia.net/actualidad/biodiversidad-en-cifras/

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https://sibcolombia.net/actualidad/biodiversidad-en-cifras/

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https://sibcolombia.net/actualidad/biodiversidad-en-cifras/

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With more than 1,900 With more than 1,900 species of birds and more than 4200 orchids, Colombia ranks first in biodiversity worldwide in these groups. It is the second country with the highest number of species of plants, butterflies, freshwater fish and amphibians. It occupies the third place in diversity of palms and reptiles and the fourth place in mammals
https://sibcolombia.net/actualidad/biodiversidad-en-cifras/

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Colombia is part of the most diverse hotspot on the planet, the Tropical Andes Hotspot. In addition, the territory occupies the Tumbe-Chocó -Magdalena hotspot

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Spanning most of central America, the Mesoamerica biodiversity hotspot encompasses all subtropical and tropical ecosystems from central Mexico to the Panama Canal. This includes all of Guatemala, Belize, El Salvadoe, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, as well as a third of Mexico and nearly two-thirds of Panama.

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Spanning most of central America, the Mesoamerica biodiversity hotspot encompasses all subtropical and tropical ecosystems from central Mexico to the Panama Canal. This includes all of Guatemala, Belize, El Salvadoe, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, as well as a third of Mexico and nearly two-thirds of Panama.

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In Colombia five natural regions can be evidenced by their different reliefs, ecosystems and climates. It is the second most mega-diverse country in the world. The greatest diversity of flora and fauna within their terrestrial biomes is found in the rainforests, located in the Pacific Region, the Amazon rainforest and the Andean forest.

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The Colombian territory presents variety in its relief: central mountainous system, composed by the three Andean mountain ranges, independent mountain system of the Andes, the interior and coastal plains and the inter-Andean valleys.
The water resource of the country is one of the richest in the world. Its main water courses are the Magdalena, Amazonas, Cauca, Guaviare, Putumayo and Caquetá rivers

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Colombia has different climatic zones. Below 1000 meters high (3281 feet) the climate is warm, between 1000 and 2000 meters high there is the temperate climate (3284 feet and 6562 feet), and the cold climate between 2000 and 3000 meters high (6565 and 9843 feet).
Beyond the cold land are the alpine conditions of the wooded area and then the prairies without trees of the páramos. Above 4000 meters high (13123 feet), where temperatures are below freezing, it is icy land, an area of perpetual snow and ice.

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Colombia is located in America, in the extreme northwest of South America. The country is crossed by the Andes mountain range and the Amazonian plain, it is the only country in South America with coasts on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, nearly 50% of its territory corresponds to the sea.  It is located in the intertropical zone.

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According to Convention on Biological Diversity, Colombia has 10% of the planet’s biodiversity and 314 different types of ecosystems. Colombia is the second country with the greatest diversity of species and the most diverse country in the world in relation to birds and orchids.