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When editing a piece of film or television, the most important aspect to consider is what genre you are editing for and what conventions said genre uses, as this will play the biggest part in creating a piece of film or television that flows cohesively. For example, when editing a horror film, or more specifically a slasher film, it is important to consider that the pacing of these films usually start off slow, but then speed up and keep a rapid and steady pace throughout the rest of the film until it reaches it resolution. This also applies to horror shows, although the pacing would need to be quicker to fit within the episode, or be stretched out longer to fit into an entire season, depending on the decision made by the directors. The editing is extremely important in this genre as it has to be ensured that the length of shots coincides with how the plot is progressing, whether it is speeding up or slowing down. A editing technique that is very important in horror is match on action, as it helps the consistency of the intense scenes and helps the progression of them. Editing differs between the two forms of media and this is mainly due to how they have to be paced. Film is one long marathon, so certain editing techniques can be utilized much more effectively there. With television, run time per episode can vary from 20 minutes to an hour, which means that the editing techniques used would also vary.

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When Michael Kahn was editing Ready Player One, he was also editing The Post, which meant that he had two massive films by Steven Spielberg on the go at the same time. Kahn thinks that when editing, that it isn’t so a much an intelligent process but an emotional one, as you have to be able to feel the scene to know that particular cuts and shots are working.

One scene in the film depicts the protagonists in the manor from the Shining. The piece of music that plays during the beginning on this scene is very heavy and tense and it also matches the pace that pages are flying off of the table and the entire scene as a result is just very bizarre and almost frightening scene, which is intentional because the entire scene is paying homage to Stanley Kubrick’s The Shining. The matching of the pace of the pages makes the music seem diegetic. To go along with this, the character Aech’s heavy footsteps almost mirror the heavy thumping at the beginning of the scene’s particular track. A large amount of important action shots are intercut with appropriate reactions of various characters and this is done very often as Michael Kahn wants the viewers to feel something, just like the characters are. An example of this is when Aech, the much larger Gunter, pulls over Zhou, a much smaller Gunter and asks them whether or not The Shining is scary. When he responds by saying that he had to watch it through his fingers, it cuts to another shot of Aech turning away from Zhou and looking very worried and distressed. The kind of cuts, where it cuts between dialogue and a reaction from someone within the conversation is really good when done well.

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Joel & Ethan Coen: The Big Lebowski (Film)

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Joel & Ethan Coen: The Big Lebowski (Film)

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The Big Lebowski is a crime-comedy film that was released on the 18th January, 1998. It was considered a disappointment at release, with mixed reviews at its time of release. Over time, the film has gained a large amount of positive reviews and is now considered a cult classic.

One of the most iconic scenes of The Big Lebowski is when the protagonist, Jeffrey “The Dude” Lebowski (Jeff Bridges) is repeatedly having his head dunked into his toilet by a blond Treehorn thug (Mark Pellegrino). This is happening because the thug is confusing the protagonist with another man with the same name, who is a rich and old married man. The thug shouting into the Dude’s ear is intertwined with sounds of his head splashing into the toilet. The editing of this scene, being overly dramatic and very exaggerated makes it funny and attempts to convey the unrealistic personalities of the characters in the scene. Two shots in the scene are edited together, one being a worm’s eye view of the scenario which allows us to understand what it is like to be the Dude, and then a high over the shoulder shot of the thug allows us to see and feel the aggressive attitude the character has. By putting the two shots together, it gives the perspective of both of the characters. In this scene, there is no music, which adds to the unusual atmosphere of the entire scene and enhances the comedic aspect.

Joel & Ethan Coen work together on almost all of their films, where up until 2004 and the release of their film The Ladykillers, Joel always received sole credit for directing and Ethan for producing. They alternate top billing for their screenplays and their shared editing credit under the name Roderick Jaynes, which is an alias. The two brothers are known for combining elements of comedy with drama and their films often tend to focus on eccentric characters and confusing plotlines. As a result of this, they editing style tends to be unique and different from a lot of other films.

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Jaws is a thriller that was released in 1975. It was directed by Steven Spielberg and was edited by Verna Fields, who was responsible for why the film was such a success. The film starts off strong for a film within the horror genre, featuring a kill within the first 5 minutes of the film to establish the tone of the film and it does so exceptionally well. The film begins with two drunk teenagers, Tom and Chrissie, running along the beach whilst taking off their clothes so that they can go swimming together. Chrissie goes into the water without Tom as he is too tired to go in and this is where the film truly begins. As Chrissie is swimming further and further out, a long shot is edited with a tense orchestral piece that really creates an uneasy atmosphere. A heavy bass sound from the musical piece happens at the same time as the Shark bites on her leg and grabs her. Then the music picks up in intensity to match the screaming of Chrissie as she is being thrashed around in the water by the shark. The scene is intercut with the calm shot of Tom laying on the beach after sunset where he is asleep and all is quiet. The editing of this sequence, where we go from a disturbing set of shots of Chrissie dying to Tom sleeping adds to the overall discomfort of the scene. Verna Fields was responsible for the editing in such an iconic opening sequence.

Fields also put together one of the most memorable scenes of the film, when Hooper discovers a decaying, severed head of a fisherman. When Spielberg reached this scene when filming, he felt that Hooper discovering the corpse wasn’t deliver the jumps that he had previously imagined. So, he altered the scene with only the fisherman’s head popping out suddenly, with a loud sound edited in to really make the audience jump. The film, being a thriller, was supposed to create a strong, unsettling tension that put the audience on edge. This scene already did that extremely well, and the severed head popping out and scaring Hooper was the icing on the cake.

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Shawshank Redemption (Film): Establishing Shot

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Shawshank Redemption (Film): Establishing Shot

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This establishing shot is used to be able to show the setting of a particular scene or sometimes the setting and focus of an entire film. In this example, this is where the entire film takes places as it is focused around people trying to escape from the prison. This is likely the reason for the establishing shot being especially long in this instance.

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Hidden Patterns of Successful Storyboards

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A classic example of the "establishing shot," this shot surveys the whole prison before cutting to Andy on the bus as it rolls through the gates.

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A cutaway is used as an interruption to show something else that is taking place or happening whilst a character is performing a particular action. In the scene of 300 where Leonidas is talking to a Persian messenger, the messenger tells Leonidas to choose his next words wisely, as they “may be his last as king”. Then the scene cuts to a extreme close-up of Leonidas’ eyes, then to his feet, then back to his eyes, then to some of his people, back to his eyes, then to a mother and son (presumably his wife and child), back to his eyes, then to more of Sparta’s people and children and so on. This is done so that the viewers know what Leonidas is looking at.

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300 (2006) - This Is Sparta! Scene (1/5) | Movieclips

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The 30 degree rule states that when changing to a different shot where nothing substantial changes, like the character or the distance of the shot, that you have to move the camera by more than 30 degrees to avoid the change of shot looking jumpy and tacky. In this scene from the Japanese film Battle Royale, the shot changes by 90 degrees to show that the characters focus changed to somewhere else. Doing this implies something meaningful happening as well a change in shot should usually have a reasoning.

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The 30-degree rule - Example 4 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

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This 5 second excerpt from the film Battle Royale (K. Fukasaku, 2000, copyright © 2000 Battle Royale Production Committee) avoids a jump cut by complying to...

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Jump cuts are usually used to show a jump in time or motion to give a particular scene a more realistic feeling. They are used quite a few times within this scene and this is to show that time is moving forward within the film. This is because the characters in the film Breathless are in a car, and in a car scene it would be far too drawn out to contain the entire car scene. So instead, the scene has multiple jump cuts to show various important bits of the information from the entire ride.

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An extremely common film technique that is used to show two characters having a conversation. In Spider Man this is a unique example as Norman (the character in the scene) is talking to the Green Goblin (himself in the mirror) and they use the mirror to utilize the shot reverse shot where Norman is having a conversation with his other self.

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Good Will Hunting (Film): 180 Degree Rule

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Good Will Hunting (Film): 180 Degree Rule

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Another extremely common technique that needs to be taken into consideration. This rule states that when filming a conversation, you have to keep the camera on the 180 degree angle and not go onto the other side of the actors. This is because it will disorientate the viewer and ruin the realistic feeling. In the film Good Will Hunting two characters, played by Matt Damon & Robin Williams are talking on a bench that looks out to the pond and as it is a conversation it switches between Damon and Williams.

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[Great Movie Scenes] Good Will Hunting - Park Scene

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Shaun of the Dead (Film): Eye Line Matching

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Shaun of the Dead (Film): Eye Line Matching

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Eye line matching is where a front on camera angle is used on a character to show that they are looking at something in particular, something that is likely important to the character in question. In this clip of Shaun of the Dead, Shaun (Played by Simon Pegg) wakes up to an eyeline matching shot that shows him looking at a whiteboard on his fridge that reminds him of something important and therefore properly wakes him up.

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Shaun of the Dead (2/8) Movie CLIP - Oblivious to the Zombies (2004) HD

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Matrix (Film): Match Cuts (Match On Action)

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Matrix (Film): Match Cuts (Match On Action)

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A match on action cut is where a film cuts when a character within the scene performs a different action and it cuts at the specific time for two main reasons, which are to make the action seem more fluent and to also give a different, usually clearer shot on the action happening. When a match cut happens it usually means that either the action that the character is performing is important or that they are moving location and the cut allows it to look more natural. In the Matrix, a large amount of match cuts occur as the film is an action film and the cuts allow the film to properly define its genre.

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Back to the Future (Film): Seamless Editing

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Back to the Future (Film): Seamless Editing

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Seamless editing is where a shot is edited on an action or occurrence so that the cut that happens is almost unnoticeable. This is done to minimize the motion that the viewer feels and it further helps establish a sense of spatial realism. In Back to the Future, this is done when Doc Brown is hanging from the building and he is attempting to grab the electric cable and every time he reaches for it the shot changes but it is almost unnoticeable unless you are looking for it.

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A montage is when a compilation of various different clips are shown, usually in order, to show a large passage of time where someone is improving or changing themselves in order to prepare for something or reach a certain goal. In this scene of Hot Fuzz, the main character, whose name is Nicholas Angel, is talking about his time as an officer so far and all that he has achieved and it is done in a voice over with a montage. This is so we get a stylistic depiction of what the character’s personality is like.

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The Belko Experiment (Film): Juxtaposition 

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The Belko Experiment (Film): Juxtaposition 

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Juxtaposition is where two, contrasting elements are placed within the same scene to create a seperate and usually confusing meaning and set of emotions. In The Belko Experiment, a latin version of the song California Dreamin, is played diegetically from a radio whilst people are executed by Terry, Barry and Wendell. The way that this scene plays out is extremely disturbing and this was as a result of the music that is playing in the background because it completely contrasts what is happening in the film.

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The Belko Experiment (2016) Guns and Shootouts

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When a film has two scenes occuring in different places going on at the same time, they are cross-cutting. This is done so that the viewer knows that the two scenes that are occuring are going to coincide with each other at some point and that they are relevant to one another. They are also shown at the same time to avoid any issues with the continuity of the story. In the film The Godfather, there is a scene where a baby is being baptised. Whilst this is all going on, where see various clips of different characters getting ready and gearing up to do something ominous. This type of editing also helps create suspense.

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In my opinion, one of the most powerful and beautifully written scenes in movie history. The juxtaposition between the baptism and the murder of the heads of the five families was pulled off flawlessly. From "The Godfather" (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppolla Produced by Paramount.

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American Sniper (Film): Parallel Editing (combining separate scenes that may/may not share the same time frame to draw parallels between them)

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American Sniper (Film): Parallel Editing (combining separate scenes that may/may not share the same time frame to draw parallels between them)

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When editing two scenes to occur at the same time it can often be used to draw parallels between them and show they the two different scenes depict similar occurrences. In the film American Sniper, it depicts two scenes that seem to be happening at the same time.

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Slow motion is an editing technique that, when used, can enhance the action of a particular scene and make it seem more dramatic. The Matrix is a film that is known for using this effect a lot, to the point where some scene almost rely on the effect. Another film that uses it a few times is 300 and it is used at action scenes or when a turning point in the story is about to occur.

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300 (2006) - The Warrior King Scene (3/5) | Movieclips

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When split screen is used within film and television, it is used to have two scenes or more occuring at the same time without having constant cuts between them. It isn’t used very often as it can appear tacky and also cuts out some of the shot to do it. The TV show 24 uses this technique to increase the intensity of certain scenes. Along with this, the split screen effect is a non-continuity effect that attempts to create continuity, which therefore acts as a clash of the two when used.

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Wipes are an effect that are exclusively used to transition from one scene to another. It is when the start of the next scene wipes over the previous scene to take its place on the screen. The Star Wars films use these transitions a lot. These transitions also help highlight the genre as being sci-fi, and Star Wars used this transition effect so much that it became a staple of the film and the sci-fi genre itself.

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Every Wipe Transition in Star Wars Ep. IV - A New Hope

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Dissolves are another transition effect, but it is where the previous shot dissolves out and behind it is a new shot. This transition is used at the beginning of the film Psycho and it is used to show multiple shots of the city where the film is taking place.

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A freeze frame is an editing technique that is commonly used to enhance the ending of a film or a tv episode to give it a more complete feeling. It usually also occurs when there is no concrete ending, but instead leaves it open and down to your imagination. In this specific example the main character Dean, who is the older half of the Winchester brothers, has been possessed by the archangel Michael. This scene shows Michael walking around in Dean's body, where he then gets close to the camera, looks directly into it and the shot freezes and then zooms in. This editing is done to cement the idea that Dean is no longer around and that he has been replaced by someone horrible and evil.

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Supernatural 13x23 (Ending)Michael takes control of Dean

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Blindness (Film): Fade Out/Fade In (To Black/White)

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Blindness (Film): Fade Out/Fade In (To Black/White)

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In most cases, a fade is a transition effect only and it is used to gradually move onto the next scene and most fades are quite slow as they are used after hard hitting scenes to let the effect of what had happened sink in. In the film Blindness, white fade outs are used because they are relevant to what is occurring within the film.