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Haussmans changes made Paris what it is today

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Haussmans changes made Paris what it is today

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Modernisation is inevitable, just because some people moaned that it was a bit difficult doesn't invalidate good work

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Modernisation is inevitable, just because some people moaned that it was a bit difficult doesn't invalidate good work

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had to happen at some point and Haussmann did it 

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had to happen at some point and Haussmann did it 

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Positive change to improve health

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Haussmann was clumsy

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Long term, it was a good thing for Paris and its overall development, but in the short term it had more limited success

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important for sanitation- prevented cholera outbreaks

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important for sanitation- prevented cholera outbreaks

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Good in terms of improving public health
Bad in terms of forcing people out of their homes and community

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Haussmannisation was controversial but ultimately led to improved conditions - stopping the spreading of diseases, allowing more space for transport and generally more enjoyable living conditions

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necessary for growing population, shame to lose medieval heritage - inescapable 

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necessary for growing population, shame to lose medieval heritage - inescapable 

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Overall it had a good impact because it improved public health

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Perhaps the problems (why people were revolting) should have been addressed at their core rather than just designing streets which prevent baracades

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Something drastic needed to be done about living conditions and haussman achieved that

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Rambuteau was more important than Haussmann

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Rambuteau was more important than Haussmann

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A lack of progress in terms of urban design can stunt a city’s growth and therefore its importance

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ultimately a positive thing but with its drawbacks (cost, success rate etc.)

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Architecture used to  serve a certain purpose

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It was liek a snail

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New movements in art and literature sprung up

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increased rent drove the proletariat into the suburbs

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increased rent drove the proletariat into the suburbs

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Phantasmagoria were kinds of gothic horror theatre shows, which were popular in the 18th and 19th century. In the essay we read (and his theoretical writings more broadly) Benjamin adopts the term to describe reality and commodity culture in the 19th century city.

Phantasmagoria, when associated with C19th capitalism is largely a negative phenomenon. Drawing on a form of theatre, it has connotations of spectatorship, as well as suggesting a drama that takes place within a constructed space (i.e. the city). It is something of an empty practice, where we engage in consuming for the pleasure of consuming, for example through shopping / engaging with mass-produced artefacts rather than unique works of art.

Benjamin uses the term quite a bit, and it becomes increasingly clear what he means, though he doesn't provide a full definition of what he means by phantasmagoria, so don't worry *too* much about the concept.

cf. Eight Thesis on Phantasmagoria:
https://journals.openedition.org/am/225

Commodity as Phantasmagoria: https://www.jstor.org/stable/827788?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

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Parisians felt that Haussman "alienated their city from them" 

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Parisians felt that Haussman "alienated their city from them" 

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Paris underwent a huge “renovation” to improve living conditions

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World exhibitions used to distract and entertain

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Architecture became political - a means of preventing barricades and therefore revolution 

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Architecture became political - a means of preventing barricades and therefore revolution 

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Paris was very impoverished, with many people living in close proximity