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People, Organizations, and Management Systems

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People, Organizations, and Management Systems

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a) What I know
What I know in this Chapter 2 is we will learn about people. What are the tasks that people need to do? How people interact with each other? Then, we will learn about organizations. Organizations are a group of human that works together in one team. That’s what I understand about organization. Furthermore, we will learn about management system. We will know how to manage the system properly which is follow the task step by step.
b) What  I want to know
1.      How technology is reshaping organization? How technologies can helps to reshape an organization and expands our business?

2.      What is the importance of Human Resource Management in our daily life?

3.       What is meaning by CIO, CTO & CKO?

4.      What is IT management processes? What are the processes that we need to follow in order to make good management systems.

c) What I have learned

What I have learned in this Chapter 2.1 is meaning of technology. Next, I learned reasons of reshaping which to reduce costs, increase productivity and quality and to reduce dependence on skilled labour. And then I also understand how information systems impact organizations and business firms, the relationship between organization and information technology. I also appreciate what I learned about organizational and behavioural which is a traditional hierarchical organization. How the organizational make a decision to push lower levels. Furthermore, I knew about the relationship between internet and organizations.

Next, what I learned in Chapter 2.2 is about meaning of Human Resource Management(HRM) that explained by Aryssa in class. They focuses on maximize the performance of employees to achieve the company’s goals. And then, she explained why  HRM is so important in our management. I also knew about what are management skills is all about such as interpersonal skills, communication and motivation, problem solving and decision making. Moreover, people  management skills is also important as followed by Maslow Pyramidal Hierarchy. Next, I learned about attitudes and belief of good

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a)      What I know

What I know in this Chapter 3 is we will learn about management of IT. What is an organization? How organization works? And what value chain to understand about the activity? Strategic management is the continuous planning, monitoring, analysis and assessment of all that is necessary for an organization to meet its goals and objectives.

b)      What I want to know

What I want to know in this Chapter 2 is

1.      Why we need information?

2.      What are the issues of strategic management?

3.      What is the function of strategic information system?

4.      What value chain model?

c)      What I have learned

What I have learned in this Chapter 3.1 is IT is changing the fabric of our society. The strategic management process helps company leaders assess their company's present situation, chalk out strategies, deploy them and analyse the effectiveness of the implemented strategies. The strategic management process involves analyzing cross-functional business decisions prior to implementing them. I also learned about strategic issues for senior executives which is

1.      Obtain or maintain competitive advantage.

2.      Use the Web to facilitate intra- and inter-organizational linking

3.      Enable decentralized operations with effective central coordination

4.      Develop flexible and responsive infrastructures for the firm

5.      Capitalize on fleeting but critical business information

Next, what I learned in Chapter 3.2 is about porter’s competitive forces model that presented by Zaim. It is a tool for analyzing competition of a business. It also draws from industrial organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity. And then he did explained about Porter’s five forces which includes

1. Competition in the industry.

2. Potential of new entrants into the industry.

3. Power of suppliers.

4. Power of customers.

5. Threat of substitute products.

What I achieved in 3.3 is function of strategic information system. We want to make a business level strategy. Information system strategy is an essential feature in corporate and information technology (IT) world. In a nutshell, it helps firms and companies to allocate, store, process data and move the data and information they develop and receive. Furthermore, it may deliver a service or product that is at a lower price, differentiated and mainly concentrates on a demanding market section, or which is innovative. I also understand the importance of strategic information system. Strategic information system provides a connection between demands of organization and latest information technology. This tactic helps an organization to get hold of the market by utilizing Information technology to meet its challenging requirements to the continuous variation in the corporate environment.

What I learned in 3.4 is about value chain model. What is value chain model? It is to describe the process by which businesses receive raw materials, add value to the raw materials through various processes to create a finished product. Why need value chain? To deliver maximum value for the least possible total cost and create a competitive advantage. Value chain model have two activities including primary activities and support activities. To sum up, information technology is important to the continued success of modern firms.

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a)      What I know

What I know in this Chapter 4 is we will learn about how to form IT strategy in order to success in our organization. There must be some process that we need to follow to achieve the goals of teams. What are the formats that we used to implement the strategy? And we will how e-business will be conducted.

b)       What I want to know

1.      The importance of strategy to organizations

2.      IT strategy formation process

3.      e-business & knowledge management strategy

c)      What I have learned

What I have learned in this Chapter 4.1 is about the importance of strategy to organizations. We need to have a clear mission, vision and strategy in our organization. Before we want to develop a strategy, we need to understand first what the firm’s mission is, and then we start to analyse the environment in detail. About the vision, we need to be clear like where the company wants to go? What the company aspires to be? About the strategy, we need to know how vision will be accomplished with time period. There is also use of checkpoints that need to do. About the mission, we need to be clear about the purpose and function of IT so that we can review to identify for themes and ideas.

I also appreciate what I have learned about IT strategy. It is set of decisions that made by IT and senior management. It related for relationship of technology choices to business choices. Furthermore, IT strategy is important to organizations is because most of the business is info-based. Information binds or with their customers, suppliers and partners. Sharing information with suppliers and customers can improve operational efficiency. Next are business environment demands organizations that have adaptive processes.

For chapter 4.3 is about e-business & knowledge management strategy. E-business strategy is web-based businesses include more than just trading in products and services, so models must take a broader, more strategic view of the sales process. As firms move to embrace online transactions, they must understand the standards required in this domain. Also we developing strategies to support e-business requires the firm’s best effort.

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a)     What I know

What I know about Information System Planning is a strategy establishes the broad course of action for the firm. It is about time planning to reach the goals and objectives. These are the specific steps needed to reach the objective.

b)    What I want to know

1.     Types of planning

2.     IT planning model

3.     The use of Critical Success Factors in planning.

c)     What I have learned

What I have learned in chapter 5.1 is about what are types of planning. There are three types of plans such as strategic plans, tactical plans and operational plans. First is strategic plan which attempt to convert strategies into plans. It is a top level plans which cover a range of 2 to 5 years with laying out the firm’s goals. Second is a tactical plan which is middle level plans. Intermediate range plan covering the current layer in details. Time range for tactical plans from 3 months to 2 years. Third is operational plan which lower plans that involve staffing.  It attempt to deal with important activities occurring in the near-term.

What I have learned in chapter 5.2 is IT planning model. Planning time horizons vary greatly from industry to industry.  A good strategic planning process must think of setting the objectives, analysing the factors internal to the organization, generating strategic options, deciding among the options and monitoring the results of implementing. IT management planning model has 7 things include application considerations, system operations, resource plans, people plans, financial plans, administrative actions and technology planning.

What I have learned in chapter 5.3 is use of critical success factors (CSF) in planning. CSF is critical tools in creating effective plans which is how to improve planning by focusing on important managerial issues.  As a conclusion, CSF analysis is produces results that express the needs of the enterprise clearly and completely. It allows us to measure success and prioritize goals in a sensible way.

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Development of Hardware, Software & Telecommunications Systems 

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Development of Hardware, Software & Telecommunications Systems 

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a) What I know

What I know in this Chapter 6 is basically about trend in hardware and software. How telecommunications system can function into organization? What things that related to technology?

b) What I want to know?
1. trends in hardware, software & telecommunications technology.
2. the semi-conductor, recording & communication technology
3. various types of voice & data communication network
4. wireless system concept.

c) What I have learned
What I have learned in this chapter 6 basically what tools that related to IT management. For subtopic 6.1 which is the trend in hardware, software & telecommunication technology, we need to know four key areas in telecommunication and computing which is first semiconductor fabrication, magnetic recording, networking and communications systems

,software development. There are six trends in semiconductor technology such as :-
1.Diminishing device size

2.Increasing density of devices on chips

3.Faster switching speeds

4.Expanded function per chip

5.Increased reliability

6.Rapidly declining unit cost.

Next, subtopic 6.2 is about the semi-conductor, recording & communication technology. Semi-conductor is a physical substance that is designed to manage and control the flow of current in electronic devices and equipment. Semiconductors can be insulators at low temperatures and conductors at high temperatures. For example, integrated circuits , micro-controllers, in electronics such as radio, computers and mobile phones. Next, communication technology is an activity of designing and constructing and maintaining communication systems. Example such as Telephone, Television and Internet, Computer have become an integral part of day to day life.

Moving on to subtopic 6.3 about various types of voice & data communication network. I learned about voice networks such as 1)Circuit Switched Networks

2)Telephone Signals

3)Analog & Digital Signals

4)Multiplexing

5)Digitizing Voice Signals

6)Digital Telephone

and the proceed to data communication networks such as 1)Circuit Switched Networks

2)Telephone Signals

3)Analog & Digital Signals

4)Multiplexing

5)Digitizing Voice Signals

6)Digital Telephone

Lastly subtopic 6.4 wireless system concept. . The communication between two devices occurs when the destination or receiving intermediate device captures these signals, creating a wireless communication bridge between the sender and receiver device.
Wireless technology has enormous potential to change the way people and things communicate. Future wireless networks will allow people on the move to communicate with anyone, anywhere, and at any time.

Furthermore, wireless network system included smart city, smart office , and internet of things. IOT allows to control and receive information of various items using the internet

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a) What I know
What I know in this chapter is about computer and telecommunications industries. Also, the changes in technology that may faces of the industry. What things  that effect to managers, employees and also customers.

b) What I want to know
1.The semiconductor and computer industry
2. Information infrastructure (info-structure) elements
3. The regulatory body of telecommunication services in Malaysia
4. The implication of Cyber Law to IT manager

c) What I have learned
What I have learned in this topic 7 basically about semiconductor industry. Semiconductor are basic electronic building blocks of information-age products. Example output are like memory chips, microprocessors, devices for communication, automotive applications. Moving on to computer industry which is a dynamic industry with continual changes. Next, we learned about hardware suppliers. Hardware suppliers is a diverse group of products ranging from notebooks to supercomputers, storage, and printers. Furthermore, the software business like Microsoft is the industry leader with domination of the desktop operating system and application package markets. Besides, I learned about international wireless. As we know, people in many countries worldwide are exchanging wire-line phones for wireless. To conclude, we knew that the IT industry is undergoing rapid changes that are profoundly affecting managers at all levels and in all segments of business.

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a) What I know
What I know in this chapter is a framework for managing enterprise IT software applications and software-based services. APM provides managers with an inventory of the company's software applications and metrics to illustrate the business benefits of each application.

b) What I want to know
1.  The application program resources
2.The concept of depreciation and obsolescence of application assets.
3. The impact of Internet on application development
4. Prioritizing portfolio alternatives

c) What I have learned

What I have learned in this topic 7 basically about application portfolio management (APM) is a framework for managing enterprise IT software applications and software-based services. APM provides managers with an inventory of the company's software applications and metrics to illustrate the business benefits of each application. APM system uses a scoring algorithm for generating reports about the value of each application and the health of the IT infrastructure as a whole. For subtopic 8.2 is about concept of depreciation and obsolescence of application assets. Depreciation occurs when business process changes result in functional inadequacies in the application rendering it less useful. Obsolescence results when an application no longer reflects the current business process. For subtopic 8.3 about Internet Influences on Application Development which many applications were developed prior to the Internet revolution, and are unable to extend to a Web-based process. Skill requirements also changed for IT.  For subtopic 8.4 is about prioritizing portfolio alternatives meaning like transitioning to a Web-based business strategy requires many new systems and processes. Next, Rigorous analysis is imperative because e-business applications are both strategically and tactically important

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a) What I know
What I know in this chapter is custom software development refers to the designing and management of applications for specific users within a company. The purpose of these applications is to present software which is capable of attending to more precise needs than traditional software, which has a general approach to need fulfillment.

b) What I want to know
1. Challenges of application development
2 The elements of managing application development projects
3. Risk analysis process

c) What I have learned

What I have learned in this topic 9 is Application Development Management is the process of managing the operation, maintenance, versioning and upgrading of an application throughout its life cycle. The challenges are the cost to industry of “small” failures in total easily surpasses all of the above combined. Next, the hidden cost of IT – failure is never advertised. For subtopic 9.2, the process of programming is still a cottage industry. Furthermore, application development managers often achieve low success rates due to critical differences between managing application projects and other projects. For subtopic 9.3, the risk analysis are managers must constantly track a project’s health and measure leading indicators to avert project failure. Risk analysis is a proactive activity that helps to improve a project’s chances for success. Therefore, project managers should make risk analysis a part of every application project that they involved in

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a) What I know
What I know in this chapter is organizations are establishing intranets and rebuilding internal systems for e-business. E-business applications are web-based applications that can be implemented to perform tasks for businesses. These applications are not just for online businesses, but also for traditional ones. Behind the scenes, e-business applications usually rely on relationships between company servers and end user computers.

b) What I want to know
1.The needs of preparing for business environment
2. Internet, Intranet & Extra net
3. Policy, human & change management issues related to e business
4. E-business customer requirement

c) What I have learned

What I have learned in this chapter 10 is  IT manager needs to know how to establish successful intranets & launch e-business applications. Next,  adapt to various changes in business structure, operations, policy, infrastructure, personnel, etc. E-business represents an integrated approach to obtaining differentiated value by combining information systems and business processes with Internet technologies. For subtopic 10.2 is about intranets and extranets. Intranet is an internal Web site containing company-specific information with access restricted to the employees of the firm. Used to communicate information like product documentation, corporate policies, or procedures. While extra-nets is a private networks based on Web protocols and standards linking corporations together. For subtopic 10.3 policy considerations includes hardware and software compatibility. Next, middle-ware standards. Also, ownership and responsibility for distributed hardware, applications, data. Overall, networked application systems are one of the most important developments in IT history and managers must select and implement systems that work in their specific environments and be capable of managing the resulting profound changes that ensue.

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a) What I know
Resource management is the efficient and effective development of an organization's resources when they are needed.

b) What I want to know
1. The development of service level agreement (SLA)
2. Problem, change and recovery management
3. The discipline of network management
4. Performance and capacity management

c) What I have learned
What I have learned in this chapter 11 is about Service-Level Agreements which is standard tool to establish and define customer service levels. SLAs help to reduce conflicts between users and suppliers and establish user expectations. Next, I have learned about IT operations, the running of IT hardware, networks, data input devices, equipment scheduling and workforce associated with these activities. Furthermore, problem definition.  Problems are incidents, events, or failures that result in a department being unable to meet their SLAs. Besides that, emergency planning which is planning for events with low probability of occurrence and high associated uncertainty. For subtopic 11.4, performance and capacity management, it is important that techniques for defining, planning, measuring, analyzing, reporting, and improving on infrastructure performance.

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a) What I know
What I know in this chapter 12  Return on Investment (ROI) is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. ROI tries to directly measure the amount of return on an particular investment, relative to the investment's cost.

b) What I want to know
1. Protecting IT resources
2. Accounting methodology alternatives
3. Ways of measuring IT investment returns

c) What I have learned

What I have learned in this chapter 12, accounting is the process of collecting, analyzing, and reporting financial information about an organization. Next, the objectives help measure the progress of the firm’s operational and tactical plans. They form a basis for management control such as control is the process in which employees act in accordance with the firm’s policies and plans. Next, ways to measure IT investment returns. Measures investment returns to the firm but fails to account for possible returns to customers and suppliers. Also, Fails to measure improved responsiveness or increased collaborator satisfaction. Overall, IT resources are widely dispersed, making accounting processes difficult.  Then, accounting for IT resources helps managers with planning, controlling, communicating, and assessing performance.

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a) What I know
What I know in this chapter 1 is about how IT manage and control in certain organizations.

b) What I want to know
1. IT management
2. Types of IT applications
3. Challenges and issues of IT management

c) What I have learned
What I have learned in this Chapter 1.1 is IT management is the process of overseeing all matters related to information technology operations and resources within an IT organization. IT management ensures that all technology resources and associated employees are utilized properly and in a manner that provides value for the organization. Next, I learned IT management challenges which includes controls and Environmental, factors

competitive considerations

, people and organizations. Lastly, critical success factors for IT managers. It includes business management issues, strategic and competitive issues, planning and implementation concerns

operational items. Operational Items provide customer service with high reliability and availability. Overall, IT is a powerful force in today’s global society. These technologies are enabling important transformations that profoundly affect people, organizations, industries, and nations.

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IT Assets: Controls, Protection, and Security

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IT Assets: Controls, Protection, and Security

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a) What I know
What I know in chapter 13 managers who own or use IT assets are responsible for securing them.

b) What I want to know
1. Principles of control
2. Control responsibilities
3. The elements of application controls
4. The network controls & security

c)What I have learned
What I have learned in this chapter 13.1 is IT controls are critical because other parts of the organization use computer generated reports as the basis of their control activities. Next, the important to managers.  First, control is a primary management responsibility. Second, uncontrolled events can be very damaging. Third, the firm relies on IT for many control processes. For subtopic 13.2, control responsibilities.  Owners are responsible for providing business direction for their applications. Plus, users are individuals or groups authorized by owners to use applications according to owners’ specifications. Next,  due to the integrated nature of e-business, security is a shared concern. This is because all the partners must have documented security policies, secure application development practices, and satisfactory access control and user authorization procedures. Besides that, key to effective control. Managers must understand their control responsibilities and know. Overall, no organization is safe from computer crime. Thus, business controls, asset protection, and security are fundamental to business operations