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-http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/20/48/the-basics-of-hiv-prevention

-https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/aids-timeline/

-http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/un/world-aids-day

-http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS#T.C3.BCrkiye.27de_AIDS

-http://dosyalar.hurriyet.com.tr/dosya/aids/turkiye.htm

-http://dosyalar.hurriyet.com.tr/dosya/aids/xmorpy.htm

-http://dosyalar.hurriyet.com.tr/dosya/aids/xmorpy.htm

-http://worldofviruses.unl.edu/hiv-comic-strip/

-http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/html/newsletter/201212-hiv.shtml

-Biology ppt on Moodle about STD's

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Not surprisingly, the HHC doctors who follow these children since birth develop a very close and special bond. They consider themselves more than provider and patient and become like family. When teenagers with HIV head off to college, the doctors arrange for them to continue to get their medications and help them find a pharmacist who will provide the drugs without labels to provide privacy from roommates.

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HIV comic strip | Biology of Human/World of Viruses

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fuzzieee2015.org - This website is for sale! - fuzzieee2015 Resources and Information.

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This website is for sale! fuzzieee2015.org is your first and best source for all of the information you're looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fuzzieee2015.org has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!

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IN TURKEY, WHICH CITY HAS THE MOST AIDS CASES?

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IN TURKEY, WHICH CITY HAS THE MOST AIDS CASES?

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The city which has the most AIDS cases is (of course) Istanbul. Being the giant touristic and most populated city that Istanbul is, it is not that abnormal. Istanbul ,during the year of 2007, had 932 (nine hundred and thirty two) AIDS cases during the year and it was 700 (seven hundred) more than the second city, İzmir. This is to be expected because Istanbul is a known touristic city which has immigrants and tourists coming throughout the year, and Istanbul is also the most populated city in Turkey so it is normal to have the most number of AIDS cases.

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According to the data that the Ministry Of Health gave in 2013, there were 6,802 (six thousand and eight hundred and two) cases of HIV/AIDS during the year. Although this seems accurate, according to the World Health Organisation, because some infected people refuse to report their state, in under developed countries the number may be 30 (thirty) times larger than the given number.

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Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth

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For health improvement to operate as a poverty-reduction strategy, health services must reach poor and underserved populations. Health systems in many parts of the world are unable to do so, making the strengthening of health systems a high priority for WHO.

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The famous actor Mürteza Elgin, who was the first Turkish citizen to have AIDS.

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Turkey first met AIDS on November 1985 (nineteen eighty five) when a famous actor (Mürteza Elgin) contracted the HIV virus and got AIDS. Turkey even did not know AIDS back then! Soon after it was told that workers also had AIDS and they spread the virus to their wives as well, and because Turkey housed tourists, the encounters with AIDS and the Hıv virus increased as well.

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AIDS is also represented and known by the red ribbon

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Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation

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The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) expresses deep sadness regarding the tragedy of downed Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 and the loss of all those aboard. While full details remain unconfirmed, it is believed that many passengers were en route to the 20th International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2014), scheduled to take place in Melbourne, Australia.

"These were men and women who had dedicated their own lives to saving the lives of others and they were taken from us in a senseless act of violence," said President Obama during a speech about the downed airliner.

Joep Lange, M.D., former president of the International AIDS Society (IAS), is thought to be among the many members of the HIV/AIDS community reported to have been on board Flight MH17.

Dr. Lange was a prominent researcher at the University of Amsterdam. He had been working in the HIV/AIDS field since 1983, leading many important trials on the use of antiretroviral therapy and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

"The untimely loss of Dr. Joep Lange is a tragedy for the entire HIV/AIDS community, especially for those of us working toward ending AIDS in children," said Laura Guay, M.D., vice president of research at EGPAF. "His broad research expertise and extraordinary contributions to the field included some of the earliest studies on prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Africa. He was a passionate and tireless advocate for global access to prevention, care, and treatment services, particularly for women and children."

Other Dutch AIDS researchers were also reported to have been on the plane en route to the conference. The World Health Organization confirmed that a longtime spokesman, Glenn Thomas, was also on the flight.

IAS has announced that the conference in Melbourne will move forward as scheduled.

"In recognition of our colleagues' dedication to the fight against HIV/AIDS, the conference will go ahead as planned and will include opportunities to reflect and remember those we have lost," said IAS in an official statement.

"At this incredibly sad and sensitive time the IAS stands with our international family and sends condolences to the loved ones of those who have been lost to this tragedy."

The global HIV/AIDS community is bonded by the common purpose to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and today we are also joined in sorrow as we mourn the loss of many great advocates, researchers, and friends aboard flight MH17. In their honor, EGPAF will continue its work until no child has AIDS.

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AIDS Community Mourns Those Aboard Flight MH17 - Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation

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The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) expresses deep sadness regarding the tragedy of downed Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 and the loss of all those aboard. While full details remain unconfirmed, it is believed that many passengers were en route to the 20th International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2014), scheduled to take place in Melbourne, Australia.

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AIDS was first diagnosed or recognised on June 5 1981, when a group of -previously healthy- gay men came in with a rare lung infection. Since then AIDS has been recognised worldwide.

Other than the birth of AIDS, there is "World AIDS day" on December 1st of every single year, where people prepare panels and events which describe and take action against AIDS.

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Word Games, Comics, and Animals With Braces: Making AIDS Education Accessible for Kids

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For visual learners (and comic fans), these printables are colourful, entertaining & informative If your kid is taking part in Dare to Draw, they probably have some questions about their undertaking. It's great that your kid cares, and luckily the Stephen Lewis Foundation has some helpful tips on how to talk to your kids about AIDS to equip you with the...

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SORT OF BAD NEWS ABOUT PREVENTION...BUT THERE'S STILL HOPE !

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SORT OF BAD NEWS ABOUT PREVENTION...BUT THERE'S STILL HOPE !

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Unfortunately, AIDS cannot be completely treated once infected, but there are still ways that will DECREASE the risk of getting AIDS/HIV and supply the infected with a few more years! These ways are:

-Get tested and know your partner's HIV status: Know if your partner has HIV or not and get yourself tested as well to take appropriate precautions.

-Have less risky sex: Oral sex is much less risky than vaginal sex. Anal sex is the most risky way of getting HIV. Also do not have multiple partners because you may increase your chance of having HIV.

-Use condoms: UsecondomswheneverpossibletopreventthespreadofHIV.

-Don't inject drugs: Druguseisnotgoodforhumans, butifyoucontinuetoinjectdrugs,thenusesterilisedequipment.

Also there are treatments where AIDS patients live a longer and healthier life b and slow the process down.

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Although AIDS spreads in many ways, it still does NOT spread through:

-Saliva, tears or sweat,

-Air or water,

-Insects (such as mosquitoes),

-Casual contact (Shaking hands, hugging etc.)

-Toilet seats and such.

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AIDS is the last step of the HIV virus (on the left) infection. Because viruses re not alive nor dead and cannot easily move, they can only be spread with the help of bodily fluids and tissue contact. AIDS can be transmitted by:

-Sexual intercourse,

-Using unsterilized medical equipment (during drug injections and medical procedures),

-Blood transfusion and organ transplants,

-From mother to child (childbirth)

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Global pandemic

HIV 1 and 2: type 2 is predominantly found in west africa

Modes of transmission:

Sexual Transmission

increase in HIV infection in female sex partners of male intravenous drug abusers

The virus is present in semen, both extracellularly and within mononuclear inflammatory cells, and it enters the recipient's body through lacerations or abrasions in mucosa

diseases that cause genital ulcerations, including syphilis, chancroid, and herpes simplex virus.

Gonorrhea and Chlamydia increase the seminal fluid content of inflammatory cells

Female to male transmission has a very low probability compared to the reverse.

Parenteral Transmission

intravenous drug abusers, hemophiliacs receiving factor VIII or IX concentrates, and random recipients of blood transfusion

screening of donated blood and plasma for antibody to HIV, screening for HIV-associated p24 antigen (detectable before the development of antibodies) and heat treatment of clotting factor concentrates have decreased the incidence in this group

nucleic acid testing is a newer technology which might decrease the rate even further

Mother-to-Infant Transmission

inutero, by transplacental spread
intrapartum, during delivery
ingestion of HIV-contaminated breast milk
high maternal viral load and/or the presence of chorioamnionitis

accidental needle-stick injury in health workers: risk of transmission is much lower than hepatitis B

Viral structure:

Virion has major capsid protein(p24), nucleocapsid and lipid bilayer derived from the cell that it infects

viral envelope itself is studded by two viral glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41), critical for HIV infection of cells

2 sets of viral RNA with 3 important genes:
Gag: encodes capsid protein p24, matrix protein p17 and nucleocapsid protein p7 and p9

Pol: encodes polymerase, integrase and reverse transcriptase
Protease is necessary for cleaving all the precursor proteins derived from other genes( Cf protease inhibitor drugs)
Integrase helps in integrating the viral genome into the chromosome of the cell

Env: codes envelope proteins; gp120 mediates CD4 and chemokine receptor binding while gp41 mediates fusion.

Uses host cell transcription and translation mechanism for its protein synthesis

High variability in env gene( envelope glycoprotein which are most important for inducing immune response to the virus) due to low fidelity( high error) of reverse transcriptase
main reason why vaccines cannot be developed

Immunopathology:

CD4 molecule affinity, eg that found in macrophages and dendritic cells: virus binds to the CD4 proteins

Fusion of the viral envelope with the cell mb
Fusion inhibitor- enfuvirtide

Complementary DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase- the DNA may remain as episome or integrate with the chromosome causing latent infection

Productive infection starts as T cells begin to decline, esp of RES( reticuloendothelial system, including LN,spleen and BM)

Mechanisms of T cell deficiency:

Infected T cells and macrophages form syncitia( giant cells), balloon and die

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells kill infected CD4 T cells

Loss of thymic precursors of T cells

Other viral infections also decrease T cells

Preferential loss of memory T cells cause defective functioning of remaining T cells

CD4:CD8 cell ratio is reversed from 2 to less than 0.5 Other immune cells in HIV:

Macrophages with impaired microbicidal activity act as reservoir of HIV virus in different tissues including lungs, brain.

Langerhan dendritic cells of the mucosa bring the virus to the regional LN

Follicular dendritic cells in the LN are also important reservoir

B cells undergo polyclonal activation with hypergammaglobulinemia, but the cells are unable to mount effective antibody response

Defective opsonisation of capsulated bacteria like Meningococcus, Pneumococcus and Hemophilus

Disorders of immune system seen in HIV:

Predominantly due to selective loss of the CD4+ helper-inducer T-cell subset; inversion of CD4:CD8 ratio

Decreased T-Cell Function In Vivo:

Preferential loss of memory T cells Susceptibility to opportunistic infections Susceptibility to neoplasms

Decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity:

Decreased proliferative response to mitogens

Polyclonal B-Cell Activation:

Hypergammaglobulinemia and circulating immune complexes Inability to mount de novo antibody response to a new antigen or vaccine

Altered Monocyte or Macrophage Functions:

Decreased chemotaxis and phagocytosis Decreased HLA class II antigen expression Diminished capacity to present antigen to T cells:

Natural history of HIV infection:

Flu like symptoms start 3 to 6 wks after innoculation, representing high level of viremia, seeding of different lymphoid tissue and abrupt fall in CD4 Slowly the immune system of the body tries to clear the infected cells, the CD4 count rises and seroconversion occurs( ie Antibody against the virus is detectable)

Mildly symptomatic with continued replication of virus and slowly declining CD4 counts, which the body tries to replenish PGL( persistent generalised lymphadenopathy) Minor infections like candida, herpes zoster; aseptic meningitis

Increased VL( viral load), decreased CD4 Fever less than 1 month, wt loss, chronic diarrhea
After CD4 drops below 500/cmm, AIDS defining diseases including neurological diseases and neoplasms appear
2 types of patients
Rapid progessors
Non progressors

CDC categories:
Mild immunosuppression: CD4 greater than 500
Moderate immunosuppression: CD4 200-500

Opportunistic infections and other AIDS defining illness:

Protozoal and Helminthic Infections

Cryptosporidiosis or isosporidiosis (enteritis)
Pneumocytosis (pneumonia or disseminated infection)
Toxoplasmosis (pneumonia or CNS infection)

Fungal Infections

Candidiasis (esophageal, tracheal, or pulmonary)
Cryptococcosis (CNS infection)
Coccidioidomycosis (disseminated)

Bacterial Infections

Mycobacteriosis
atypical, e.g., M. avium-intracellulare, disseminated or extrapulmonary
M. tuberculosis, pulmonary or extrapulmonary
Nocardiosis (pneumonia, meningitis, disseminated)
Salmonella infections, disseminated

Viral Infections
Cytomegalovirus (pulmonary, intestinal, retinitis, or CNS
infections)
Herpes simplex virus (localized or disseminated)
Varicella-zoster virus (localized or disseminated)
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
AIDS dementia complex

NEOPLASMS

Kaposi sarcoma
Diffuse large B-cell NHL( EBV associated)
Primary lymphoma of the brain

Morphology of a LN in AIDS:

Normal structure of a LN

Cortex: T cell abundant
Follicles in cortex: B cells, follicular dendritic cells
Sinuses: macrophages
Medulla: plasma cells

In AIDS

Follicular hyperplasia
Later severe involution resulting in atrophic burnt out LN

Invasive cancer of cervix( HPV associated)

Histoplasmosis (disseminated)

Severe immunosuppression: CD4 less than 200

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Global pandemic HIV 1 and 2: type 2 is predominantly found in west africa Modes of transmission: Sexual Transmission increase in HIV infection in female sex partners of male intravenous drug abusers The virus is present in semen, both extracellularly and within mononuclear inflammatory cells, and it enters the recipient's body through lacerations or abrasions in mucosa diseases that cause genital ulcerations, including syphilis, chancroid, and herpes simplex virus.

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A PICTURE OF THE HIV VIRUS UNDER A MICROSCOPE

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A PICTURE OF THE HIV VIRUS UNDER A MICROSCOPE

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User account | Graduate College of The University of Iowa

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS in short, is a disease caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), in which the human immune system is suppressed and is open and weak to any microbe.