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Transverse and Longitudinal Waves in Physics

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Amplitude, period, frequency and wavelength of periodic waves | Physics | Khan Academy

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Electromagnetic waves: Electromagnetic waves are waves that can travel through the vacuum of space. Examples are gamma rays, light waves, visible light, etc. These waves make up the electromagnetic spectrum.

Mechanical waves: Mechanical waves are waves that travel through a material or medium and transfers energy through the medium. The distance a wave can travel is limited by the distance of the medium. This usually only allows a mechanical wave to travel not that far from its initial equilibrium position or starting point.

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Waves are different in shape and size, however, they share the same essential characteristics and behaviors. These various sorts of waves are categorized into three main groups: transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves.

A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction that the wave moves. The movement of light, ripples in a pond, and waves on a piece of string are all forms of transverse waves.

Longitudinal waves are waves in which the particle of the medium moves parallel to the direction of a wave. Sound is an example of a longitudinal wave. As sound aves are being transmitted through the mouth of the speaker to the ear of the listener, the air particles that are being traveled through are vibrating back and forth in the same direction and in the opposite direction of the energy transport.

Surface waves are waves in which the particles of the medium undergo a circular motion. Surface waved are different from transverse and longitudinal waves and this is because in a longitudinal or transverse, the entire bulk of the wave moves along in the the direction of the wave. In a surface wave, only the particles move in the motion(circular) of the wave.

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Waves are disturbances in a medium(space or mass) that travels from one location to another. They are accompanied by transfers of energy through the medium.