# data[].attributes.body
National Institutes of Health: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (1995). Nurses: Partners in Asthma Care. Retrieved from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/resources/lung/nurs_gde.pdf

Scott, H. A. (2011). Exploring the Link Between Obesity and Asthma. University of Newcastle Research Higher Degree. Retrieved from:
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/927988

Sahiner, U., Birben, E., Erzurum, S., Sackesen, C., & Kalayci, O. (2011). Oxidative Stress in Asthma. World Allergy Organization Journal, 4(10), 151-158. doi: 10.1097/WOX.0b013e318232389e

Your asthma medicine - An Asthma Australia site. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.asthmaaustralia.org.au/nsw/about-asthma/manage-your-asthma/your-asthma-medicine

# data[].attributes.body
Allan, K., & Devereux, G. (2011). Diet and Asthma: Nutrition Implications from Prevention to Treatment. Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 111(2), 258-268. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.048

Bullock, S., & Hales.M. (2013). Principles of pathophysiology. French Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia.

Estes, M., Calleja, P., Theobald, K., & Harvey, T. (2013). Health assessment & physical examination. South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning Australia.

Farrell, M., & Dempsey, J. (2014). Management of patients with chronic pulmonary disease. In Smeltzer & Bare's Textbook of Medical- Surgical Nursing (p. 501). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Gupta, K., & Verma, M. (2007). Nutrition and Asthma. Lung India, 24(3), 105-114. Retrieved from: http://medind.nic.in/laa/t07/i3/laat07i3p105.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Knowledge and patient participation in care are vital to asthma care. It is essential that healthcare professionals use this knowledge to educate patients about the importance of modified diet to improve their quality of life.

Provide and encourage patients the use of asthma action plans or self-management plans decreases absence from work hospital admissions, emergency presentations to general practice, short-acting bronchodilator use and therefore improve lung function. (Farrell & Dempsey, 2014, p. 489).

It is important that nurses support and attain optimal level of coping – as ineffective coping may reduce socialisation, anxiety, depression, lower activity level and inability to work. Therefore, effective nursing goals, such as referral to Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRP) may promote improvement in patient’s status and self-esteem, hence, increase patient’s motivation for a healthier lifestyle (Farrell & Dempsey, 2014, p 454).

# data[].attributes.body
High antioxidant rich diet involves  protection against oxidative stress -increased secretion of mucous, airway inflammation and reduced efficacy of bronchodilator (Sahiner et al., 2011, p. 151).

To support this, study conducted by Scott (2011) examined the relationship between co-morbidities and asthma risk among Australian communities (p. 42). Research shows strong evidence that high fat consumption contributes increase production of sputum eosinophilia that results airflow limitation (p. 32).

Chronic hypoventilation and obesity, such as Pickwickian Syndrome, may contribute in asthma exacerbation, as patients who are severely overweight may develop poor gas exchange, resulting in low blood oxygen levels and higher carbon dioxide levels (Estes et al., 2013, p. 415).

Therefore, patient with higher Body Mass Index (BMI) have low intake of antioxidant diet and higher prevalence of asthma exacerbations and asthma-related quality of life (Huisstede & Bruanstahl, 2010, p. 116).

Strategies in asthma diet  involves consumption of high antioxidant rich diet: five servings of vegetables and two servings of fruit daily – Improvements were evident to improve lung function and prevent the risk of asthma exacerbations (National Asthma Council Australia, n.d).

Gofor2and5. Logo. [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.gofor2and5.com.au/Portals/0/Skins/homeTemplate//images/logo.jpg

# data[].attributes.headline
Maternal Diet Management To Prevent Risk of Early-life Asthma

# data[].attributes.subject
Maternal Diet Management To Prevent Risk of Early-life Asthma

# data[].attributes.body
Research studies have highlighted the connection between maternal intake during pregnancy and the impact on their child. As data suggests that low maternal dietary intakes (such as vitamin E, vitamin D and zinc) during pregnancy is associated with an increased likelihood of childhood wheezing and asthma.

Additionally, the control of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) intake is highly suggested among women who are pregnant to prevent the risk of childhood asthma (Allan & Devereux, 2011, p. 265).

National Asthma Council Australia. Pregnancy. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.nationalasthma.org.au/uploads/publication/pregnancy.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
National Asthma Council Australia (2012) highlights that incidence of food allergen among children during infancy or early childhood, which is often followed by the development of asthma and allergic symptoms in later years (p. 13).

Food choices play a significant role in relation to asthma exacerbations and higher risk of developing asthma attacks – such as asthma exacerbation are often caused by “hidden” ingredients in food,  as immunoglobin E (IgE) may provoke sensitisation in the digestive system and responds to hyperactivity in the smooth muscles of airway eg. Peanuts and nuts (Gupta & Verma, 2007, p. 106).

Food additives or preserved food have been proven to compromise lung function due to inadequate low antioxidant diet.

# data[].attributes.body
In Australia, the role of diet and asthma exacerbation is a critical factor, as adequate education, prevention and interventions should be recognised to promote a positive outcome.

# data[].attributes.body
(Farrell & Dempsey, 2014, p. 487)

# data[].attributes.body
Medication can play a pivotal role in asthma management as well as decreasing the risk of asthma exacerbation. Asthma medication is usually given through an inhaler and includes relievers such as  inhaled short- acting beta 2 agonists  are 'effective in the management of asthma exacerbations (Farrell & Dempsey, 2014, p.501).  Preventers  which include 'inhaled corticosteroid' ( Your asthma medicine- An Asthma Australia site'). Symptom controllers  include 'long- acting beta2- agonists' (Farrell & Dempsey, 2014, pg501) are also used in the management of asthma which  reduce the risk of an individual having a asthma attack.
According to asthma Australia, preventer such as seretide is used to make the ‘airway less sensitive and reduce the redness and swelling and to help dry up mucus’ ("Your asthma medicine - An Asthma Australia site). A reliever is for a quick relief of asthma symptom it is used to ‘relax the muscle around the outside of the airway to open it up’ ("Your asthma medicine - An Asthma Australia site,"). All these medications play a pivotal role in asthma management and reduce the risk of asthma exacerbation.  Through researching,  Diet is not a key factor in asthma management.

HealthyWA. Asthma reliver blue.  [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://acsh.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/inhaler-1464334-640x640.jpg

# data[].attributes.body
In summation, the evidence supports that the exacerbation of asthma can be attributed to dietary factors. Most notably,  the intake of preservatives and/or additives including immunoglobin E which is a common hidden ingredient in food, known to trigger asthma, as well as high fat diets which can hinder the amount of airflow to the lungs due to the increased production of sputum eosinophilia. In addition, the diet of a pregnant woman has also shown links with childhood wheezing and asthma related symptoms in newborns, hence it is important for nurses to educate women throughout their pregnancy to take adequate vitamins, such as vitamins E, D and Zinc. Lastly, people with asthma should aim to modify their diet to include more whole foods, fruit and vegetables to avoid high fat consumption and hidden preservatives in food. Nurses should inform patients with asthma about the action plans in place to assist them in daily life. This research places diet as a key factor in the management of asthma, and requires diet modification to mitigate the risk of asthma exacerbations.

# data[].attributes.body
As a nurse, health education regarding the avoidance of triggering factors should be emphasise in our patients.

As a nurse we need to encourage individuals to take their medication as this is vital for their quality of life. Need to educate the patient  about the critical components of asthma and medication.

As nurses we can devise a medication action plan for controlling chronic asthma symptoms and relieving acute asthma episodes with their medications.(National Institutes of Health: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1995)

# data[].attributes.body
Bateman. Goals of asthma management. [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://padlet-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/prod/103222265/28f1d078955c9f2f830fbe150a11a9b913f7e91f/5e159f1c1734c1563e259467e793baf9.jpg

# data[].attributes.headline
What is asthma? Why does it need to be managed?

# data[].attributes.subject
What is asthma? Why does it need to be managed?

# data[].attributes.body
FACTS

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness. (Calhoun, K. 2015). Approximately 235 million people have been diagnosed with asthma worldwide according to World Health Organisation (WHO). Specifically in Australia, high prevalence of asthma has been recorded with 1 in 8 children and 1 in 10 adults diagnosed with asthma (Bullock, & Hales, 2013). Asthma is a chronic disease with intermittent acute exacerbations that needs to manage. (Bullock, & Hales, 2013).

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. What is asthma. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/sites/www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/images_234

# data[].attributes.body
Diet is not a key factor in asthma management, as there are many different factors in asthma management. Asthma management according to asthma Australia involves 'controlling the symptoms in order to live a normal active life' (Your asthma medicine- An Asthma Australia site'). It involves the individual having an awareness of their asthma and how to self manage their asthma.  This includes using the correct medication,  to reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations in a patient.

# data[].attributes.headline
Diet is a key factor in asthma management, and needs to be modified to reduce the risk of
asthma exacerbations

# data[].attributes.subject
Diet is a key factor in asthma management, and needs to be modified to reduce the risk of
asthma exacerbations

# data[].attributes.body
Hiusstede, A. V., & Braunstahl, G. J. (2010). Obesity and Asthma: Co-morbidity or Causal Relationship. Departments of Pulmonology, 73(3), 116-123. Retrieved from Leiden University website: http://www.monaldi-archives.org/index.php/macd/article/view/295/283

National Asthma Council Australia. (n.d). Effects of dietary strategies in asthma management. [Table] Retrieved from: http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au/table/show/56

National Asthma Council Austrlia. (2012). Asthma and allergy. Retrieved from the National Asthma Council Australia website: http://www.nationalasthma.org.au/uploads/publication/asthma-allergy-hp.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
According to Arshad, S. on the current reviews of allergy and clinical immunology, the primary prevention of asthma exacerbation is the identification of risk factors, such as allergen exposure.

Based on the study of Professor Beasley R,  Semprini,A.,  Mitchell, E. In the interim, public health efforts should remain focused on measures with the potential to improve lung and general health, such as: reducing tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure; reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution and occupational exposures; improving feto-maternal health; encouraging breastfeeding; promoting childhood vaccinations; and reducing social inequalities.

Bousquet, J. Bousquet, P., Godard, P. & Daures, J. emphasizes that the successful management of asthma is to reduce Several barriers of optimal asthma therapies, this includes:

Economic and generic barriers.

Cultural barriers

Environmental barriers

Traditional medicine

Large differences in health care systems.

Gaps, relevance and the integration of different guidelines in developing countries.

The lack of symptom-based guidelines.

Geronguide. Asthma triggers. [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.geronguide.com/gallery/var/albums/Asthma/asthma-triggers-01.jpg?m=1292119007