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http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/business/vigilance-important-for-safety-in-the-workplace-1.1829380

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1. Demonstrate a critical understanding of psychological issues in relation to work based organisations
- Critical evaluation of psychological theory and concepts and application of these to BAE. Leading to creative, evidence based solutions which benefit the organisation and its structures.

2. Demonstrate a critical understanding of the issues involved in applying psychological knowledge in a professional context
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3. Demonstrate a critical understanding of the theory and practical application of individual differences within the working environment.

4. Demonstrate your ability to work effectively as part of a team.

5. Demonstrate effective presentation skills.

6. Demonstrate an understanding of professional ethics associated with professional consultancy.
- demonstration of professional skills and knowledge; the application of professional ethics throughout the consultancy; excellent awareness of professional conventions and conduct associated with it

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- each pick a page of the PowerPoint, work on it and the notes

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reduces vigilance

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- put references on for what we have said
- put on info from what we found out over Christmas
- expand on the essential points
- make notes at the bottom as to what we want to say to expand on what is on the slide
-NOTES AT THE BOTTOM IS WHAT IS MARKED
- should take 20 mins to present
- go through the spec
- synthesising the research, so pair it up with the important points
- conclude with what how we measure vigilance and how we improve

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Measuring Vigilance: Vigilance Paradigms 

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Measuring Vigilance: Vigilance Paradigms 

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Vigilance paradigms have been used widely to assess the risk of performance deterioration in various work settings, as well as to examine and remediate attentional deficits in clinical populations.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1351035/

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"Vigilance decrement"- This is a phenomenon when one would find it difficult to sustain attention on one source of information for an extended period of time (Davies & Parasuraman, 1982).

This can occur in any number of operating environments, but is most common where there is a requirement for sustained attention over extended periods of time ( Grier et al., 2003).

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1668/full

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Sleep loss is an extremely common problem that may be caused by sleep deprivation or sleep fragmentation. There is an extensive recent review literature on sleep deprivation ( Durmer and Dinges, 2005; Kusida, 2004a, b) so only selected portions of the literature related to topics already mentioned are highlighted.

3.2.1. Clinical effects

Overnight and partial night sleep deprivation are consistently associated with excessive daytime sleepiness as measured by both subjective indices and the MSLT ( Beaumont et al., 2001; Bonnet and Arand, 1995a, 2003; Carskadon and Dement, 1982; Gillberg et al., 1994; Roehrs et al., 1989; Rosenthal et al., 1993). Sleepiness increases in proportion to the total length of sleep deprivation ( Rosenthal, 1993). There may be differential effects based on the sleep stage of deprivation in that REM sleep deprivation does not change MSLT scores ( Nykamp et al., 1998). Sleep fragmentation (frequent brief disruptions at regular intervals) similarly increases subjective daytime sleepiness, impairs mood, and decreases MSLT times even when total sleep times are normal based on conventional visual sleep scoring methods, and even if the arousals are subclinical (i.e. based on EEG changes alone) ( Bonnet and Arand, 2003; Cote et al., 2003; Kingshott et al., 2000; Levine et al., 1987; Martin et al., 1996; Stepanski, 2002). Sleep interruptions may be as infrequent as every 10 min yet still produce an effect on MSLT scores ( Stepanski, 2002). The effects of sleep deprivation are cumulative, up to a week and beyond of partial sleep deprivation ( Carskadon, 1981; Dinges et al., 1997; Van Dongen, 2003).

The effects of sleep deprivation on performance tests have been extensively studied, particularly effects on reaction time (RT) and sustained attention tests including driving simulation reviewed in ( Dinges, 1992). RT lengthens with even partial sleep deprivation, and there is a progressive lengthening of RT with longer deprivation periods ( Beaumont, 2001; Cochran et al., 1992; Dinges, 1997; Doran et al., 2001; Downey and Bonnet, 1987; Gauthier and Gottesmann, 1983; Gillberg, 1994; Humphrey, 1994; Koslowsky and Babkoff, 1992; Lorenzo et al., 1995; Magill et al., 2003; Pilcher and Huffcutt, 1996; Smith et al., 2002; Wesenten et al., 2002; Wilkinson, 1965). Similar findings are seen with classic tests of vigilance using long, repetitive tasks in which there is a signal detection component ( Akerstedt, 1988; Gillberg, 1994; Magill, 2003; Strauss et al., 1984; Van Dongen et al., 2001, 2004; Wilkinson, 1965). Vigilance tasks show longer RTs and increased errors of omission at longer time intervals, consistent with the results of the shorter duration RT tests. The effect of sleep deprivation on RT and vigilance tasks represents both an increase in average RT and a lengthening of the right tail of the RT distribution with an increased coefficient of variability ( Smith, 2002; Wilkinson, 1965). The latter effect has been thought to represent brief lapses in attention which lead to errors of omission or very long RTs (gaps or lapses), and may be related to brief sleep episodes lasting several to 15 s (microsleeps) ( Johnson et al., 1990; Koslowsky and Babkoff, 1992; McCarthy and Waters, 1997; Wilkinson, 1965). Both task duration and length of sleep deprivation have significant effects on performance ( Gillberg, 1994; Lorenzo, 1995; Smith, 2002; Steyvers and Gaillard, 1993; Wilkinson, 1965). For example, Lorenzo et al. (1995) demonstrated a linear trend of increased RT and increased omissions (lapses) over a 40 h period of sleep deprivation ( Lorenzo, 1995). Also, there is an interaction between the task duration and length of sleep deprivation on performance such that shorter task durations may not be as sensitive to equivalent lengths of sleep deprivation ( Caldwell and Ramspott, 1998).

Several factors modify the effects of sleep deprivation on RT and vigilance task performance. Long, simple, low-interest, self-paced RT tests are most affected by sleep loss ( Wilkinson, 1965). The effects of sleep deprivation on RT are partially reversed when there is feedback provided, when the task is shorter or more challenging, or when there is a reward used as incentive for performance, suggesting that increased motivation or interest can at least partially compensate for the effects of sleep deprivation ( Steyvers and Gaillard, 1993; Wilkinson, 1965). This motivational effect may be similar to the improvement in vigilance performance that occurs when subjects know they are approaching the end of the task (end-spurt effect) ( Bergum and Lehr, 1963). The increase in RT is greater when there is a relatively long interval between a warning signal and the imperative stimulus, less if the interval is short, suggesting that phasic arousal or alertness deteriorates quickly under sleep deprivation ( Cochran, 1992). RT performance in overnight sleep deprived subjects is slowed when seated, but normal when standing ( Caldwell et al., 2002). The effects of sleep deprivation are complicated by the interaction of diurnal variation (circadian phase) with monotonic effects (length of sleep deprivation), consistent with the two-process model proposed by Borbely ( Achermann and Borbely, 2003; Babkoff et al., 1991; Cajochen, 1999). Also, effects of sleep deprivation on performance are not uniform and there is considerable intersubject variability, likely representing individual characteristics ( Bonnet and Arand, 2005; Van Dongen, 2004).

The effects of sleep deprivation on other cognitive tasks have been less consistent than effects on RT and vigilance tasks. To some extent this lack of consensus is due to different experimental conditions and study designs (length of sleep deprivation, length of testing battery, difficulty of the task, etc.). For example, Stroop performance change was affected by the pattern of sleep deprivation ( Beaumont, 2001; Binks et al., 1999; Herscovitch et al., 1980). Variable effects on memory may be related to task difficulty ( Cajochen, 1999; Harrison et al., 2000; Humphrey, 1994; Linde and Bergstrom, 1992; McCarthy and Waters, 1997; Smith, 2002). Significant effects have also been demonstrated on the Sternberg working memory task and were correlated with decreased fMRI activation in multiple brain areas, particularly the bilateral parietal cortices ( Mu et al., 2005). Sleep deprivation effects on Raven's matrices ( Linde and Bergstrom, 1992), verbal fluency ( Horne, 1988), Tower of London (non-verbal planning) ( Horne, 1988), Paced auditory serial addition test ( Martin, 1996), and Trails B ( Martin, 1996), have been reported. The effect of sleep fragmentation on cognitive abilities is generally less pronounced than the effects of sleep deprivation, despite similar effects on MSLT scores ( Cote, 2003; Kingshott, 2000; Philip et al., 1994; Stepanski, 2002).

Measures of subjective sleepiness (the Karolinska sleepiness scale or the Stanford sleepiness scale) are generally sensitive to decreased alertness and performance decrements during sleep deprivation but are poorly correlated to performance on RT, vigilance and cognitive tasks in individuals ( Binks, 1999; Gillberg, 1994; Herscovitch and Broughton, 1981). A meta-analysis emphasized that although motor and cognitive tasks are generally affected by sleep deprivation, subjective mood measures showed the greatest effects ( Pilcher and Huffcutt, 1996).

3.2.2. Electrophysiological measures

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Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

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Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep-wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are ...

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Performance is improved with incentives either monetary or other rewards. Possible way for maintaining vigilance over hours or days at a time.

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Alertness of individuals operating vehicles, aircrafts, and machinery is a pre-requisite for safety of the individual and for avoiding economic losses.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437506000235

Impairment of alertness in vehicle and vehicle operators  poses a danger to themselves but also the public at large (Faber, 2004).

Shifts beyond the traditional 8 hours increase staff fatigue, health care errors, and adverse events and outcomes and decrease alertness and productivity.

Faber et al., 2003

J. Faber, M. Novak, P. Svoboda, V. Tatarinov

Electrical brain wave analysis during hypnagogium

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they have to push a button when the light goes on, measure how long it takes them to press it, to measure their vigilance.

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EEG - gets thrown off by machines and in cockpits so not useful at measuring vigilance

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- the most accurate ways of measuring is using many measurements

- psychometric is a poor measurement

- in recruitment, predicting vigilance is really important

- personality tests alone have limited value

- anti vigilance test was useful one

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Rob - importance of vigilance
Nikila - look into vigilance in the different sectors
Maria - look into continuous measures of vigilance - measure drowsiness
Sonya - What kind of psychology is important to our scenario?
Abi - we need to draw back and think about psychological theory

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non - invasive to their personal space

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Look into BAE systems and the specific sectors we are looking at
Research on: measuring vigilance in general, and in the workplace.

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- accuracy
- reduce social loafing
- thermostat in the cockpit of plane

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- swap peoples tasks around
- personality test
- good lighting
- good temperature
- stop serving coffee and replace it with multivitamins
- don't encourage the coffee use but don't forbid them bringing their own
- exercise - free gym membership?
- facilitation over forcefulness
- regular drug tests? (is it intrusive though?)

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They would like to use your recommendations to work with their client base in the aviation, manufacturing and safety sectors, to increase safety and quality. 

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They would like to use your recommendations to work with their client base in the aviation, manufacturing and safety sectors, to increase safety and quality. 

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Research on:
Abi – personality factors
Rob – task difficulty
Maria – environment
Sonya – health
Nikila – attention

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Key sections:
- personality ( extrovert/ introvert)
- environment (nature/ lights/ temperature)
- task difficulty (whether its hard or too easy)
- attention (boredom/ excitement)
- health (diet - nature not drugs, sleep)

Sections breakdown:
-          Caffeine – dependence is a lot worse

-          Good lighting

-          Naps – less than an hour

-          Not drugs

-          Music

-          Multivitamins

-          Temperature

-          Personality – 6 parts of it that means you are more likely to make mistakes (on NOW)

-          Length of shifts

-          Boredom – also can’t be too difficult to produce additional strain

-          Exercise – exercise tasks implemented on shift increased vigilance (get onsite gym)

-          ADHD kids – walk in the park, improved attention on tasks, on a par with drugs (get trees)

-          More nature not drugs

-          Provide health checks at set intervals

-          Multitasking – up to optimal amount

-          Extroverts tend to not be as vigilant

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Roles:
Nikila - PowerPoint
Rob -
Sonya -
Abi -
Maria - learning logs/ note taking

Research Summaries:
Tuesday - individual 5 articles
Wednesday - group summary

To do:
- importance of vigilance
- group contract
- provide abstract and submit it by 2nd dec (examples on NOW)
- look at measures of vigilance
- look into what music produces the most vigilance

Done:
- research on vigilance and attention in general