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Bioethanol is most definitely renewable as its raw materials are readily available and also easily replacable, the main material being starch sources through crop residues

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Biodiversity – A large amount of arable land is required to grow crops. This could see some natural habitats destroyed including rainforests.

The food V fuel debate – There is concern that due to the lucrative prices of bioethanol some farmers may sacrifice food crops for biofuel production which will increase food prices around the world.

Carbon emissions – There is debate over the neutrality of bioethanol when all elements are taken into consideration including the cost of changing the land use of an area, transportation and the burning of the crop.

·         The energy content of petrol is much higher than the one of bioethanol. Burning 1 liter of ethanol gives 34% less energy than burning the same amount of petrol. In other words, Bioethanol is not as efficient as petroleum.

·         There are also concerns over the fuel systems used. Too many older cars are currently unequipped to handle even 10% ethanol while there is concern that using 100% ethanol decreases fuel economy by around 15-30% compared with 100% petroleum.

·         The octane number of bioethanol is at around 105. It means that this substance can be burned in the engines with much higher compression ratio. The engines made for working on the new energy cannot be used for their petrol or diesel variants.

·         It can negatively affect electric fuel pumps by increasing internal wear and undesirable spark generation.

rogen used in the production have negative effect on the environment

·         Transportation – ethanol is hygroscopic, it means that it absorbs water from the air and thus has high corrosion aggressiveness. That’s why it is transported only by auto transport or railroad.

·         Pure ethanol is also difficult to vaporise which can make starting a car in cold weather difficult and that is why most fuels retain at least a small amount of petrol – such as E85 cars with 85% ethanol and 15% petroleum.

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Exhaust gases of ethanol are much cleaner, it burns more cleanly (more complete combustion)

The use of ethanol-blended fuels such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as 37.1%, which is a significant amount.

Positive energy balance – Depending to the type of raw stock it can vary from 1.24 to 8. The output of energy during the production is more than the input. (controversial)

You can use any plant for production of bioethanol, it only has to contain sugar and starch. The best choice is sugar cane, but you can also use potatoes, barley, wheat etc.

It is carbon neutral i.e. the carbon dioxide released in the bioethanol production process is the same amount as the one the crops previously absorbed during photosynthes

Ethanol-blended fuel as E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline) reduces greenhouse gases by up to 3.9%.

The net effect of ethanol use results in an overall decrease in ozone formation, an important environmental issue. (The emissions produced by burning ethanol are less reactive with sunlight than those produced by burning gasoline, which results in a lower potential for forming the damaging ozone).

Ethanol is considered a renewable energy resource because it is primarily the result of conversion of the sun's energy into usable energy. Creation of ethanol starts with photosynthesis, which causes feedstocks, such as sugar cane, to grow. These particular feedstocks are processed into ethanol.

It benefits energy security as it shifts the need for some foreign-produced oil to domestically-produced energy sources. Countries that do not have access to crude oil resources can grow crops for energy use and gain some economic freedom.

It reduces greenhouse gases.

It reduces the amount of high-octane additives.

The fuel spills are more easily biodegraded or diluted to non toxic concentrations.

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For ethanol to be produced, microbial fermentation of the sugar must first occur. C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + heat
For the ethanol to be usable as a fuel, the majority of the water must be removed. Most of the water is then removed by distillation. To remove any remaining water, There are three dehydration processes to remove the water from an azeotropic ethanol/water mixture.
The first process, used in many early fuel ethanol plants, is called azeotropic distillation, which consists of adding benzene or cyclohexane to the mixture. When these components are added to the mixture, it forms a heterogeneous azeotropic mixture in equilibrium, which when distilled produces anhydrous ethanol in the column bottom, and a vapor mixture of water, ethanol, and cyclohexane/benzene.
Another early method, called extractive distillation, consists of adding a ternary component that increases ethanol's relative volatility. When the ternary mixture is distilled, it produces anhydrous ethanol on the top stream of the column.
The third process uses molecular sieves to remove water from fuel ethanol. In this process, ethanol vapor under pressure passes through a bed of molecular sieve beads. The bead's pores are sized to allow absorption of water while excluding ethanol. After a period of time, the bed is regenerated under vacuum or in the flow of inert atmosphere (e.g. N2) to remove the absorbed water.

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ethanol chemical structure

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Bioethanol is usually obtained from the conversion/ fermentation of carbon-based feedstock. It can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such as sugar cane, bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, grain, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover, grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass, as well as many types of cellulose waste and harvesting, whichever has the best well-to-wheel assessment. (which has the highest yield)