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The aerobic energy system begins the same way the lactic acid energy system does- which breakdowns the glucose and glycogen. If oxygen IS present,lactic acid will not be produced and instead more ATP is formed through Aerobic glycolysis. It Generates ATP much slower than Anaerobic glycolysis and even more slower than ATP-PC system therefore is used for low intensity and long duration exercise. All fatty acids are broken down to produce 129 ATP.

•With oxygen 1 glucose molecule generates 36 molecules of ATP

•1 glycogen molecule generates 37 molecules of ATP

Advantages
Can work continually from 2 minutes onwards and can last for a very long
period of time.
Breaks down potential fat energy
BiProducts aren't harmful and can be breathed and perspired from the body
Large amounts of ATP 38 Molecules for 1 Glycogen
Disadvantages
Can only work in submaximal work
Endurance work can cause dehydration and boredom
Cannot resynthesise ATP immediately
Short delay for O2 to transport from lungs to working muscles

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The lactic acid energy system works When the muscles run out of PC stores, your body must generate ATP another way – LACTIC ACID ENERGY SYSTEM (Anaerobic Glycolysis Energy System). Your body breaks down glucose and glycogen to generate ATP through the process anaerobic glycolysis or just glycolysis to be able to have energy. If oxygen is not present the body will start to produce lactic acid in the. The glycogen is then stored in the muscles and liver.

•1 molecule of glucose will produce 2 molecules of ATP

•1 molecule of glycogen will produce 3 molecules of ATP
This energy system starts when you are doing a intense exercise of up to 2-3 minutes for example 400m-800m runs.

Advantages
Has a fast speed of reaction for fast work
Does not require O2
Few chemical reactions
Large amount provides more ATP than the Alactic Energy System
Disadvantages
Lowers PH in muscle which prevents enzymes from working so glucose and
glycogen cannot be broken down, this results in fatigue and muscle spasms
Creates Pyruvic Acid which turns into Lactic Acid

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1. ATP-PC energy system
Adenosine Triphosphate- Phosphocreatine system is an anaerobic energy system which is used for explosive exercises lasting 8-10 seconds. This energy system generates ATP quickly but only a limited supply which means that it can also run out quickly. This energy system is the most inefficient energy system but it is very useful for quick explosive exercises. PC stores back to 98% after 3 minutes of rest. •Phosphate creatine (PC) is another compound stored in the muscle and it is then broken down to p+c to release energy for ADP to combine with extra phosphate.

The sporting example to explain this could be someone doing a sprint race, sprinting is a explosive exercise and only lasts 8-10 seconds which means it will quickly produce ATP and be used quickly as energy.

Advantages
No O2 required
PC stored in muscle cell as readily available energy source
Very quick re-synthesis of ATP
Provides energy for high intensity exercise
No harmful by-products that will cause fatigue
Recovery for this system is very quick due to quick re-synthesis of PC
Disadvantages
Only a small amount of ATP and PC stored in muscle cells
Only one ATP is re-synthesized for one PC
Only provides energy to re-synthesize ATP for a maximum of 10 seconds

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gaseous exchange is where our body puts the oxygen into our blood and where it removes waste carbon dioxide from the blood into the air.The alveoli are adapted to make gas exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently. The gases move by diffusion from where they have a high concentration to where they have a low concentration.Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood and Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air in the alveoli. The gaseous  exchange increases as more oxygen is being breathed in and going to the blood. The blood is then being used in the muscles through exercise, for example a gymnast doing a gymnastics routine using all her/his muscles through moves. The exercise is then making waste carbon dioxide which then needs to be removed though diffusion.

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Oxygen is required for the cells in our body to be able to produce energy to be able to function. Your lungs do this by bringing in air with every breath; this amount is measured in part by the tidal volume (how much air is taken in, in one breath). During exercise your body's production of carbon dioxide is increased so by a rise in tidal volume is one way for your lungs to accommodate the exhalation of this increased carbon dioxide load. A sporting example to explain this could be in a football match. When you are playing football you are constantly running around after the ball. To be able to get more energy to carry on in the game you need more oxygen, so your tidal volume would increase to bring in more oxygen.

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1. Increased breathing rate
The breathing rate will increase during exercise due to the duration of exercise and due to the greater demand in oxygen. During exercise Your muscles push the blood back to your heart at a faster rate, so your heart rate must increase in pumping to match. Some of the blood pumped by the heart travels to the lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen to be able to continue exercising. The increase in heart rate stimulates your breathing rate. With an increase in heart rate, your blood pumps through your muscles at a faster rate, leaving less time for oxygen uptake. Having more oxygen available in the blood, from a faster breathing rate, helps the muscles get the amount they need.

An example in sport that will increase the breathing rate in short term effects could be in any time of exercise that you are active in such as netball, football and rugby and many more.

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When the hypothalamus senses that the body temperature is too high, it sends direct impulses which cause blood vessels which supply the capillaries in the skin to dilate. It allows notifies the brain that the body temperature is high which makes liquid leak from the skin better known as "sweat" to try cool the body back down. This is called vasodialation. The increased blood flow to the surface tissues under the skin means that more heat is lost.

When the hypothalamus senses that the body temperature is too low, it sends direct impulses which cause blood vessels that supply the capillaries in the skin to contract. This is called vasoconstriction and it reduces the blood flow to the surface tissues under the skin. As a result, less heat is lost. It also notifies the brain that the body temperature is low which makes the body vibrate (shiver) to make blood travel around the body to try heat it back up to normal temperature.

Examples of sport could be any type of exercise such as long distance running, rowing, gymnastics, your temperature would rise and cause vasodialation and sometimes vasoconstriction.

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There is a increase in blood pressure due to the increase in demand for oxygen during exercise for the working muscles. To ensure the muscles get what they need the heart beats with more force so that more blood is exerted out. The systolic blood pressure is where the heart muscle is contracting and the diastolic blood pressure is where the heart is relaxing or filling with blood.  the systolic blood pressure increases during exercise. But the arteries dilate during this time and therefore, there is not much change observed in the diastolic pressure. An example used to explain this could be in the first 5 minutes of a rugby union game, the heart rate increases which means that the blood pressure would then increase, due to the muscles requiring more oxygen to be able to continue exercising.

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At the start of exercise or even slightly before nerve centers in your brain detect cardiovascular activity. This results in adjustments that increase the rate and pumping intensity of your heart. At the same time the blood flow is altered in proportion to the intensity of the activity undertaken. This means that your heart rate increases.A sporting example to show this system response could be in long distance running as the heart has to adapt to pump more blood around the body and more blood has to be pumped to the working muscles to provide more oxygen.

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1.Heart rate anticipatory response
T he Anticipatory Response is when the heart rate increases at the beginning of exercise. The heart rate can be changed by chemicals by neurotransmitters , called adrenaline and noradrenaline which are released and found in the brain.These chemicals tell the heart to get ready for exercise therefore therefore there is an increase in beats per minute, heart rate increases. By increasing our heart rate our body begins to supply oxygen and nutrients for our working muscles. A sporting example to support this could be where at the start of a sprint race you get a adrenalinme rush which while increase your heart rate as your raring to go. When you set off your body supplys lots of oxygen which makes more energy for you.

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Every muscle in the body is made up of thousands of fibres. During exercise muscle fibres pull against each other. Depending on how intense and the duration of the exercise you are doing, you might feel aching in your muscles after the exercise or sometimes even during the exercise that you are doing. For example, when playing a football match you are working your muscles for a long period of time which puts more pressure on muscles, this result in “microscopic tearing of the fibres”. By resting after the exercise your body heals resulting in extra strength in the muscles and could also result in the muscle size increasing. proteins are used to repair these tears by filling the gaps and putting an extra bit in too for the future as the body readys itself for it to occur again.

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The production of synovial fluid increases in the joints which is why there is an increased range of movement at the joints during short term exercise. Synovial fluids job is to lubricate the joints to allow movement.During exercise the synovial fluid will become less viscous. To help understand we could use the example of the synovial fluid before exercise having the viscocity of teacle, thick and sticky, allowing less movement. Then during exercise the viscocity of the synovial fluid would turn into a oil like substance, thinner and allowing alot more movement. Most exercises also increase your range of movement as they stretch out your muscles.This descreases the risk of injury, like muscle strains. A sporting example of this could be in gymnastics they do intense warming up activitys to ensure the synovial fluid is thinned and allowing more movement to be able to continue doing flexible moves in gymnastics without injuring themselves.

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When exercising your muscles need more oxygen in order to make more energy through cellular respiration. In order to supply more oxygen the heart beats faster and harder during exercise to supply more oxygen to the working muscles. In the body red blood cells are used to transport oxygen around the body. To do this more efficiently and quicker, blood vessels expand to allow more blood to enter your muscles.Meanwhile while the blood is being transported to the muscles that require it, less oxygen is delivered to organs that do not require it as much.The blood is pumped through these vessels by your heart to the muscles that demand the oxygen and the other nutrients so that you are able to continue to exercise.  A sporting example of this could be in long distance running. The muscles in the legs will require more oxygen and blood to create more energy to be able to continue running. More blood would also travelk to the lungs as they will also require more oxygen.

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1. Increased Muscle pliability
An increase in muscle pliability means that your muscles can adjust and become flexible. Our muscles can adjust during physical exercise because our muscles contain lactic acid and by adjusting muscles the lactic acid clears up- by doing that the muscles become more pliable to different movements. This happens because your heart is pumping more blood around your body and when your muscles are warm it makes them more pliable.Having pliable muscles can decrease the risk of injury such as muscle strains.
A sporting example of where increased muscle pliability is shown could be a warm up before football. In warm ups you do exercises that stretch out your muscles to warm them up to increase there flexibility.