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                                           What is Long Term Memory (LTM)

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                                           What is Long Term Memory (LTM)

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A permanent store holding limitless amounts of information for long period

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Evaluation of Duration Research: Weakness 

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Evaluation of Duration Research: Weakness 

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A weakness of this research is that there are extraneous variables. An example would be eyesight. An older participant may have worsened eyesight in comparison to a younger aged participant. This matters because the study lacks internal validity as there is a disadvantage towards those with damaged eyesight

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Evaluation of Duration Research: Strength

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Evaluation of Duration Research: Strength

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A strength of this research is that there is a large sample size. For example Bahricks participants were aged from 17-74 which gives an age difference of 57 years. This matters because the findings can be generalised to a wider population therefore increasing the researchers validity.

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Strength- it's difficult to see how smells and and tastes could be coded semantically and reason suggests songs are encoded acoustically, supporting the idea of several forms of encoding in LTM. This matters because it makes the findings reliable.
Strength- different types of LTM involve different brain areas, with research suggesting that they are encoded in different ways, which implies that there are varying forms of coding within LTM. This matters because it increases the internal validity of the research.

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The capacity of LTM is supposedly limitless. For example, Wagenaar found the ability to recall a large number of events, suggesting the capacity is large. However, research hasn't be able to determine a finite capacity due to it being a biased result as he tested himself. This matter because it causes the explanation to be unreliable of the idea LTM capacity is unlimited.

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Coding research- Nelson and Rothbart (1972)

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Coding research- Nelson and Rothbart (1972)

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Nelson and Rothbart(1972) showed that acoustic coding also occurs in LTM, as participants made recall errors involving homophones, words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings, like 'night' and 'knight', again suggesting that coding in LTM has several varieties.

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Created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates. He found he had an excellent recall. Suggesting capacity of LTM is extremely large. However, diary studies can be not representative of the general population , and have a element of bias as they're testing themselves..

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Bahrick et al (1975) showed 400 participants aged between 17 and 74 years a set of photos and a list of names, some of which were ex school mates, and asked them to identify the ex school friends. Those who'd left high school in the last 15 years were able to identify 90% of faces and names, while those who left 48 years ago, identified 80% of names and 70% of faces. This suggests memory of faces lasts longer.

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Frost (1972) gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories(eg, animals), differing in visual orientation, like angle of viewing perspective. The order of recall items suggested participants used visual and semantic coding, implying evidence for a visual  as well as a semantic code in LTM.

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He estimated number of possible connections in the human brain. It's followed by 10.5mill km of noughts. He concluded no human brain exists who can use all of its potential, suggesting LTM capacity is limitless.

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The potential capacity of LTM is unlimited. Information may be lost due to decay and interference. But losses don't occur due to limitation of capacity.

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Definition: the means by which information is represented in the memory.
Coding of information will be stronger, thus the memory more retrievable, the deeper the level of processing of a stimulus that occurs while it is being experienced. With verbal material, coding in LTM is mainly semantic (based on meaning), though coding occurs in forms too, research indicating a visual and acoustic code.

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Duration of long term memory depends on an individual's life span. Items in long term memory have a longer duration if originally well coded and certain long term memories have a longer duration, like those based on skill rather than fact. Material in short term memory that isn't rehearsed is quickly forgotten, but information in long term memory, doesn't have to be continuously rehearsed to be retained.