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LTM information can sometimes see lost but it could be an issue with accessing the information rather than it not being in LTM.

Testing techniques can influence findings on duration of LTM, participants recall is often better when they are asked to recognise stimuli instead of recall it.

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Memories can last a lifetime but are remembered better if they are originally well coded. Memories based on skills tend to last longer than than those based on facts. Material in LTM doesn't have to be rehearsed constantly to be retained.

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Bahrick et al. (1975)
- 400 participants between 17 and 74 years old were shown a set of photos and a list of names, ex school friends were on the list and they were asked to identify them. 90% of faces and names were identified by those who left high school in the last 15 years. Those who left 48 years before identified 80% of names and 70% of faces implying that memory of faces lasts longer.

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There is not limit to the amount of information the LTM can store, however information may be lost through decay and interference.

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LTM capacity is thought to be limitless because research can't figure out a finite capacity.

LTM could have an evolutionary basis as animal studies like that by Fagot and Cook (1996) which found out that pigeons can remember 1,200 picture response associations. Baboons, after 3 years, memorised 5,000 associations and still hadn't reac full capacity. This implies that a large memory capacity aids survival due to natural selection.

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The way in which memories are represented in the brain. The deeper the level of processing the stimulus, the stronger the information will be and therefore the easier the memory will be to access. In LTM coding is mainly based on meaning, but there is also code in the type of visual and acoustic

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Any information stored in the brain for longer than 30 seconds. It is the final stage of storage in the brain and can store information for up to a lifetime.

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Wagenaar (1986)
- Over 6 years made a diary of 2,400 events and tested himself on his recollection of events instead of dates. He found that he had great recall which implies that LTM's capacity is pretty big.

Diary studies aren't representative of the general population as they are a type of case study. There is potential for bias when people test themselves

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Difficult to see how smells and tastes could be coded semantically. Common sense suggested that songs are coded in an acoustic manner which supports the idea of lots of types of coding in LTM

LTM in different forms incorporate different areas of the brain. Research suggests that they are coded differently which suggests they are different forms of coding in LTM.

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Frost (1972)

-gave participants 16 drawings in 4 categories (e.g. Animals)
-They differed in visual orientation, angle and viewing perspective
-The order of recall of the items suggested participants used visual and semantic coding, implying evidence for a visual as well as semantic code in LTM

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LTM is longer than...            Forever
LTM lasts...                            Long term memory
LTM capacity is...          Unlimited
Pigeons have a....                 30 seconds