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DC, + IC   If you wish, please donate to the United Way campaign.

IC, + FANBOYS + IC   The conductor blew the whistle, and she waved to the onlookers.

IC; CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB, IC   My score was low; however, the instructor graded on the curve.

Essential clauses do not have commas because they are essential (necessary, vital) for the meaning of the sentence.

SAMPLE: The woman that stole the report will be punished in a court of law.
Not any woman, right? The woman specifically who stole the report!

Nonessential clauses do require commas because it is unnecessary (extra), and the sentence makes sense without these clauses.

SAMPLE:  The woman, who happens to be the president of our local church committee, sang                                    beautifully.
The fact that the woman was was singing happens to be known at the writer's church is                          not necessary to the meaning of the sentence--it is extra information.

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Conjunctions LINK words with other words, groups of words, and other sentences.

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Considered conjunctions when they introduce dependent clauses:

who, whom, whose, which, that

•The professor, who seldom arrived on time, was surprisingly early today.
•The president tabled the agenda item that caused excessive debate.

NOTE! "That" rarely (if ever) requires a comma because it is considered essential to the meaning of the sentence!

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Subordinating conjunctions are mostly  used to form dependent clauses. It is a idea for you to remember the commonly used subordinating conjunctions.

Commonly used subordinating conjunctions

after   although   because   before   even though
since   so that   unless   that   until   when   if

Dependent clauses may occur in the beginning of a sentence (introductory), in the middle (interrupting), and at the end (terminal). Please note that introductory dependent clauses require a comma after the clause BUT terminal clauses do not require a comma before--weird, right?

Sample Sentences with Subordinating Conjunctions

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Conjunctive adverbs are the words that help link your sentences and paragraphs together.

Here are a few of the most popular:

therefore • however • for example • then • for instance • in fact • also • furthermore • consequently

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FANBOYS

F = For
A = And
N = Nor
B = But
O = Or
Y = Yet
S = So

Coordinating Conjunctions are the only words that can join two sentences together.

Furthermore, a comma must be place before the conjunction.

SAMPLE
You must arrive early at the airport, and you must follow all regulations for carry-on items.

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Watch this video to get a quick overview of the most commonly used conjunctions!

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Schoolhouse Rock - Conjunction junction - closed captioned