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1. Moral reasoning can be influenced by our culture and the society in which we live.
2. The influence of socio-cultural factors become stronger as we age.
3 Some aspects of moral reasoning, such as judging antisocial lying as bad, may be universal.

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Chinese participants rated truth-telling less positively than the Canadian participants.
Chinese children rated lying in pro-social situations more positively than the Canadian children
Cultural distinctions became more obvious as age groups progressed.

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Example of a physical, Prosocial story where the child in the story lies.

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Example of a physical, Prosocial story where the child in the story lies.

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In each group from each culture, half of the group were assigned to a social story condition and the other half were given a physical story condition.
4 different stories were read out to each participant, with the stories being written so that it was familiar to children of both cultures.
2 of the stories read to the participants were labelled prosocial where the child in the story was intentionally doing a good deed. The other 2 were labelled antisocial where the child in the story set out to do a bad deed.

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The Chinese students in the study were all from elementary schools in Hangzhou in the Zhejiang province. Not much was known about the Chinese participants as there were not any records of the socio-economic status of the children's family. The Canadian students were all from middle class families and were recruited from elementary schools in New Brunswick.

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Lee was a cross-cultural study. This was conducted with 2 groups from different cultures who's results were then compared after being collected. It was also cross-sectional as the participants in the different conditions were different ages.

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The aims of Lee were to investigate cross-cultural differences in children's understanding and moral valuations of lying.
It also aimed to compare the responses of Chinese and Canadian participants to stories that involved lying and truth-telling, pro-social and antisocial situations.