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Longer fire seasons will result as spring runoff occurs earlier, summer heat builds up more quickly, and warm conditions extend further into fall. Western forests become combustible within a month.

Drier conditions will increase the probability of fire occurrence. Summer temperatures are projected to be 3.6 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher by mid-century, enhancing evaporation rates, decreasing precipitation by up to 15 percent.

More fuel for forest fires will become available because warmer and drier conditions are conducive to insect infestations, resulting in broad ranges of dead and highly combustible trees.

Tenein

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Sea Level rise- melting of ice caps (Wikipedia)

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Sea Level rise- melting of ice caps (Wikipedia)

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You may have heard about global warming. It seems that in the last 100 years the earth's temperature has increased about half a degree Celsius. This may not sound like much, but even half a degree can have an effect on our planet. According to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) the sea level has risen 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm) in the last 100 years (see How do they measure sea level?).

In 1995 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued a report which contained various projections of the sea level change by the year 2100. They estimate that the sea will rise 50 centimeters (20 inches) with the lowest estimates at 15 centimeters (6 inches) and the highest at 95 centimeters (37 inches). The rise will come from thermal expansion of the ocean and from melting glaciers and ice sheets. Twenty inches is no small amount -- it could have a big effect on coastal cities, especially during storms.

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Pei Ti - Effects of climate change on forests and forestry

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Pei Ti - Effects of climate change on forests and forestry

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Existing forest species will have to decline and die before new species, can adapt to climate changes.

As with agriculture, the health and productivity of our forests are dependant on climate.

Trees and forests are vulnerable to long-term change.

Forests will be subjected to more frequent, extreme storms and wind damage, greater stress because of drought, and more frequent and severe fire and insect disturbances.

discussed under impacts of climate change.

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Natural causes               (dont move,can edit) 

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Natural causes               (dont move,can edit) 

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The Earth’s climate can be affected by natural factors that are external to the climate system, such as changes in volcanic activity, solar output, and the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Of these, the two factors relevant on timescales of contemporary climate change are changes in volcanic activity and changes in solar radiation. In terms of the Earth’s energy balance, these factors primarily influence the amount of incoming energy. Volcanic eruptions are episodic and have relatively short-term effects on climate. Changes in solar irradiance have contributed to climate trends over the past century but since the Industrial Revolution, the effect of additions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere has been about ten times that of changes in the Sun’s output.

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Will cause animals to go extinct or migrate to another land due to temperature rise

Such examples of species that might go extinct :

-Australia’s yellow-footed rock-wallaby

- Lumholtz tree-kangaroo

- golden-shouldered parrot

- New Zealand’s lizard-like tuatara

Hazierah

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Enhanced greenhouse effect is the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere , which results in a rise of global temperature. This occurs when human activities causes greenhouse gases to be produced rapidly and to be released at a far greater rate than the natural emissions of greenhouse gases.

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1. Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to the rural areas. As the country industrialises, the number of the people living in urban areas tends to increase

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The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is the nearly periodic 11 year change in the Sun's activity (including changes in the levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material) and appearance (changes in the number of sunspots, flares and others).

The changes on the sun cause effects in space, in the atmosphere and on the Earth's surface.

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affects the villagers or tourists nearby and very deadly and dangerous to stay near it however fertile soilmwill be there after the eruption due to the burnt ahes

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Tenein

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Tenein

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Anthropogenic               (dont move,can edit)  

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Anthropogenic               (dont move,can edit)  

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Climate change can also be caused by human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of land for forestry and agriculture. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, these human influences on the climate system have increased substantially. In addition to other environmental impacts, these activities change the land surface and emit various substances to the atmosphere. These in turn can influence both the amount of incoming energy and the amount of outgoing energy and can have both warming and cooling effects on the climate.  The dominant product of fossil fuel combustion is carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The overall effect of human activities since the Industrial Revolution has been a warming effect, driven primarily by emissions of carbon dioxide and enhanced by emissions of other greenhouse gases.

The build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to an enhancement of the natural greenhouse effect.  It is this human-induced enhancement of the greenhouse effect that is of concern because ongoing emissions of greenhouse gases have the potential to warm the planet to levels that have never been experienced in the history of human civilization. Such climate change could have far-reaching and/or unpredictable environmental, social, and economic consequences.

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The first installment of ThinkAboutIt`s series on Climate Change. This video is the pre-cursor, the basics and introduction to the series. Further videos will explain the mechanisms of current climate change, myths and misinformation regarding current climate change, and potential effects of climate change in the future.

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The video below visualizes surface temperature records dating back to 1800, combining around 1.6 billion temperature reports from 15 preexisting data archives.

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Global Temperature Change ... Climatologist Cliff Harris

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SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry

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For more information about this study visit http://berkeleyearth.org. Berkeley Earth video representation of the land surface temperature anomaly, 1800 to the present. The map of the world shows the temperature anomaly by location over time. The chart at the bottom, shows the global land-surface temperature anomaly.

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The Role of the Sun’s Energy in the Past

Changes in the sun’s intensity have influenced
Earth’s climate in the past. For example, the so-called “Little Ice Age” between the 17th and 19th centuries may have been partially caused by a low solar activity phase from 1645 to 1715, which coincided with cooler temperatures. The “Little Ice Age” refers to a slight cooling of North America, Europe, and probably other areas around the globe.

Changes in Earth’s orbit have had a big impact on climate over tens of thousands of years. In fact, the amount of summer sunshine on the Northern Hemisphere, which is affected by changes in the planet’s orbit, appears to control the advance and retreat of ice sheets. These changes appear to be the primary cause of past cycles of ice ages, in which Earth has experienced long periods of cold temperatures (ice ages), as well as shorter interglacial periods (periods between ice ages) of relatively warmer temperatures.

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Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.

Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adélie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years.

Sea level rise became faster over the last century.

Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas.

Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average.

Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce trees

ARSH

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Agriculture

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Over the last 150 years the Earth has warmed and average of 0.8 degrees an increase that has had a positive impact on the world’s economy

Temperatures are rising faster than ever:

Climate change is happening faster now due to

1. burning fossil fuels

2. Increased volume of trapped carbon dioxide gas- anthropogenic effect.

3. Agriculture- breeding cattle and cutting down forests for timber, wood and industries.

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When water warms up it expands. At the same time global warming causes polar ice sheets and glaciers to melt.

The combination of these changes is causing sea levels to rise, resulting in flooding and erosion of coastal and low lying areas.

Heavy rain and other extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. This can lead to floods and decreasing water quality, but also decreasing availability of water resources in some regions.

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-A practice of cultivating land, producing crops and raising livestock,

-The third highest contributor of green house gases.

Example:

-Tractors run on fossil fuels which releases carbon dioxide.

-Use of inorganic fertilisers increases the amount of nitrous oxide in soil. Nitrous oxide is ploughed or when rain flows through the soil.

-Organic matter such as dead leaves and manure releases methane during decomposition. Decomposition is very rapid in the rice fields due to the high level of moisture in the soil.

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Greenhouse effect

Step 1: Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere - some of this is reflected back into space.

Step 2: The rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by thte land and the oceans, heating the Earth.

Step 3: Heat radiates from Earth towards space.

Step 4: Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life.

Step 5: Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.

Step 6: This is trapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's temperature to rise.

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FLOODING Upstream forests are able to soak up a lot of water, but if humans are destroying these areas, we increase the risk of floods.

Wetlands can act as sponges and soak up a lot of moisture, but they are often drained to make room for agriculture and development.  ALSO As warmer air holds more moisture, the warmer air on earth due of increase in CO2 emission, will then hold more moisture and get bigger and become heavy enough, they will fall as precipitation more frequently compared to when in the past.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The shortwave radiation from the sun passes through the greenhouse gases that is trapped at the atmosphere of Earth. Some of the radiation got reflected while most of them are absorbed by the greenhouse gases. This causes the earth's surface to heat up. Then , the warm surface of earth radiates heat ( longwave radiation ) to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorbs the longwave radiation , warming the atmosphere. Thus , the temperature of Earth's atmosphere will be warm.

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Polar bear on a melted ice cap

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4. Describe the anthropogenic causes of climate change.

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4. Describe the anthropogenic causes of climate change.

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1. Deforestation

2. Burning of fossil fuels

3. Rice cultivation and cattle farming.

4. Changing land use and urbanisation

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3. Describe the natural causes of recent climate change.

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3. Describe the natural causes of recent climate change.

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1. Variations in solar output

2. Volcanic eruptions

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2. Explain the greenhouse effect and enhanced green house effect.

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2. Explain the greenhouse effect and enhanced green house effect.

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1. How has the Earth's climate changed in the last 150 years?

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1. How has the Earth's climate changed in the last 150 years?

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Unprecedented sea level rise in past 150 years

Global temperature rises