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In the future if any more large scale oil spills

it will impact the oceanic marine life rapidly

in the extinction of more species.

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http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/environmental-effects-of/
http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/exxon-valdez-oil-disaster-still-affects-communities-wildlife-20100504-u53t.html

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Scientists believe that even though the

major impacts have passed there will

always be effects shown from the spill

in the decades to come

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Ecological risks of large-scale oil spills, the scientists say

the work applies to other areas of environmental remediation.

"Recognition that chronic exposures of fish eggs to oil

concentrations as low as a few parts per billion lead indirectly

to higher mortality shows the critical need to better control

stormwater runoff of petroleum hydrocarbons and other toxins

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toxicity remained for a decade or more." Exposure to this oil, in turn, caused additional animal deaths.

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Thousands and thousands of

crude oil spilled and impacts

the animal kingdom and the

coral species.

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Prudhoe Bay crude oil has an API gravity of 27.0
and a pour point of ) degree Celsius

The oil was released within 6 hours of the ship
grounding

The general trend of the oil was south and west
from the point of origin

The early stage of the oil spill was in a large
concentrated area near Bligh Island

There was a storm that generated winds over
70mph in Prince William Sound weathered much of the oil changing it into mousse and tarballs and spread it over a large area

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National Transportation Safety Board said that the accident happened because

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National Transportation Safety Board said that the accident happened because

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The third mate failed couldn’t properly maneuverer
the vessel

The master failed to provide a proper navigation
because he was partially intoxicated

Exxon Shipping Company failed to supervise the master

The U.S Coast Guard failed to provide an
effective vessel traffic system

They were lacking effective pilot and escort
services

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Scientific assessments of the impacts to the water, the shore, the vegetation and the wildlife were hasty and incomplete

http://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Protect-Habitat/Gulf-Restoration/Oil-Spill/Effects-on-Wildlife/Compare-Exxon-Valdez-and-BP-Oil-Spills/Day-the-Water-Died-Report.aspx

Some of the cleanup efforts following the Exxon Valdez oil spill caused further damage instead of correcting it. To get at oil that had collected in rocky coves, rescue workers sprayed hot water from high-pressure hoses to displace it. Unfortunately, that method also destroyed tiny organisms that were either essential components in the food chain or could have accelerated the biodegradation of the oil.

In early 2007, more than 26,000 gallons of oil from the Exxon Valdez spill remained trapped in the sand along the Alaska shoreline, according to a study conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

http://environment.about.com/od/environmentalevents/p/exxon_valdez.htm

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- William Murphy was an expert ship pilot which
was hired to maneuverer the vessel through Valdez Narrow

- The captain was Joe Hazelwood and Helmsman Harry
Claar was steering

- After passing through Valdez Narrows, Captain
Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse

- During the voyage Exxon Valdez encountered icebergs
in the shipping lane

- Captain Hazelwood ordered Clarr to go around the
iceberg which meant they had to leave the shipping lane

- Then Third Mate Gregory Cousin was instructed to
turn the ship back into the shipping lane at a certain point

- Claar was replaced by Helmsman Robert Kagan but
Kagan and Cousins failed to turn teh ship back into the shipping lane and the ship
ran aground on Bligh Reef

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FISHIN' FOR DAYZ DARD

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32,000 saw their income plummet due to the disater

spill decimated traditional seaweed harvest, clamming and fishing zones that are vital to the natives of the area

http://www.internationalwildlifelaw.org/exxonvaldez.html

more than 120 Alaskans impacted by the oil

outraged by death of wildlife, of the environment and of their way of life they witnessed while carrying out ineffectual and inefficient clean-up orders

Citizens also stressed the need for the federal government to make re-working our nation's energy policy and reducing our dependency on fossil fuels top priorities

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How do oil spills affect animal and plant life?

In an oil spill, does the type of oil matter? If
it does, what type of oil causes the most harm?

What was the impact on the people living in the
area

How toxic is oil

http://www.brighthuben
gineering.com/marine-history/66248-the-exxon-valdez-oil-spill-and-its-consequences-on-the-environment/

http://archive.orr.noaa.gov/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_id(entry_subtopic_topic)=327&subtopic_id(entry_subtopic_topic)=8&topic_id(entry_subtopic_topic)=1

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-March 24, 1989 the tanker Exxon Valdez was going from Alaska to Los Angeles

- In attempt to avoid ice glaciers the tanker spilled approx. 10.9million gallons within 6 hours

- The oil would impact over 1,000 miles of coastline in Alaska making the Exxon Valdez the largest oil spill in U.S water

-  Reponses management had issues with providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, waste management and other resources

- 11,000 personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the clean up

- The clean-up began in April 1989 and to September 1989

for the first year of response

- The response effort continued in 1990 and 1991 although the winter months slowed the progress of clean up

- The effects of the spill was heavily oiled shorelines, dead and dying wildlife

- The spill affected ecologically important area that was home to many species of wildlife endangered elsewhere

- In the weeks and months the oil spill spread over a wide area in Prince William Sound

- Many local, state, federal, and private agencies and groups help with eth response

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oil contaminated food

2000 sea otters, 302 harbor seals, and 250,000
birds died

the thick layer of oil on the surface disrupted
the whole marine life beneath it

thick oil layer at the top destroyed this
phytoplankton and thus the main food source for the fishes

thick oil layer at the top destroyed this
phytoplankton and thus the main food source for the fishes

fishing industry came to a sudden standstill

Many sea birds and animals were washed to the shore, some in dying condition and other already dead’s

- more than 20 types of birds and animals were
affected by the oil spill

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If this happens

regularly it would

eventually cause all the oceanic water would be inhabitable to all living things to even enter the water.

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"oil" is a mixture of many different
chemicals

Birds and mammals often die because oil fouls
fur and feathers so that they no longer insulate

Oil, in high enough concentrations, can poison
animals by internal and external routes of exposure

Recent research studies by NOAA scientists have
shown that even small amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons can impair the
successful development of fish eggs and embryos

The oil from the Exxon Valdez killed or injured
in all of these ways

http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/significant-incidents/exxon-valdez-oil-spill/how-toxic-oil.html

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From such a large scaled oil

spill it can suddenly change

into a  bigger spill and can

make any animal species

extinct in a matter of days

because they have been

living in the water.

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Exxon Vladez, an oil tanker was bound for Long Beach in California struck Prince William Sound's  Bligh Reef

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The exxon valdes oil spill harmed many wildlife and ocean animals whilst poluting our atmosphere and our daily health.

1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup.

- , the Exxon Valdez spilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million gallon cargo of Prudhoe Bay crude oil.

- Shoreline cleanup began in April of 1989 and continued until September of 1989 for the first year of the response

- pour point of 0 degrees

-  20 acres of shoreline

- Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged.

-  eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline

- 11,000 personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup.

- The values range from $20,000 to $300,000 dollars per marine mammal (sea otters, whales, seal lions, seals), $125 to $500 dollars per terrestrial animal (bears, river otters, mink, deer), and $170 to $6,000 dollars for seabirds and eagles.

- hypothermia, smothering, drowning

- Exxon was fined $150 million

- Wildlife killed and hurt dramatically

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The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill occurred in March 24 1989 in Prince William Sound  Alaska and was human caused.

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- Exxon paid between $40,000- $ 90,000 for rehabilitation for Otters

- total cost for losing Otters, harbour seals and sea birds = $ 218.6 million in the 1st week

- Fisheries for salmon, herring, Crabs, shrimp, rockfish and sablefish closed

- Herring and Salmon species never fully recovered- commercial fishing industry that depends on them haven't either

- 2,000 Alaskan Native Americans and 13,000 subsistence permit holder lost source of food, continues ( contaminated fish)

- Tourism industry lost 26,000 jobs and more than $ 2.4 billion in sales

- Exxon spent over $ 3.8 Billion for clean up

- Compensate 11,000 residents and pay fines

USeconomy. about.com

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HERE IS WHERE WE CAN SHARE INFROMATION WE FOUND

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HERE IS WHERE WE CAN SHARE INFROMATION WE FOUND