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The heart of Midnight' s Children is the narrator Saleem Sinai who was born at midnight on 15th august 1947. He has extraordinary powers.
In Rushdie' s novel there is a mixture of fantasy and reality (magic realism).
Rushdie deals with some historical events. The narration is in the first person .
The main theme is the destruction of potential in the new independent India.

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he was born in India into a middle-class Muslim family. He was sent to school in England

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Is Forster' s masterpiece. The novel is divided into three parts, which corresponde to the Indian season: Mosque, Caves and Temple. The main theme is the difficult relationship between Indians and British. It is set in India. Forster criticizes the imperialism.

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Was born in 1879. He studied at Cambridge and he travalled in Italy and India. He wrote A Passage to India

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Is the story of an orphan living in india at the time of British rule. Kipling describes Indian' s sights, sounds and smells. He use a evocative language.

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In this work Kipling states that the Europeans had to civilize the natives . There is a plea for the European task of civilizing indians. The main themes are Whites' civilising mission and Blacks' inferiority.

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He was born in Bombai, India in 1865 and worked there has a journalist and story writer. He wrote the novel Kim

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The novel is set in London at the end of 19th century. The protagonist Dorian Gray, a young man whose beauty fascinates a painter, Basil Hallward, who paints his portrait. When he sees that is image was corrupted he kills himself.

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In the preface Wilde states that the artist is the creator of beautiful things

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Was born in Dublin in 1854. He become the leader of the Aesthetic Movement. The first litterary success come in 1891 with a novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. He was imprisoned in Reading Jail for his homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas. He died in 1900.

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Main themes:
-Reletionship between individual and society
-Use of freedom and consequences
-Love and marriage.

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She began writing verse, prose and drama. When she returned to the countryside she made Pride and Prejudice

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She dedicated Frankestein to Godwin and used many ideas hel by the parents. She sympathises with the monster, but she is afraid of the consequences of his actions. There is tension between the fear of revolution and interesgt in revolutionary ideas. Frankestein tries to create a human being through the use of electricity without respecting nature rules.
Themes: penetration of nature and social prejudice

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Was born in 1797. She had a troubled life. She went to France and got married with the poet Percy Shelley. She wrote Frenkestein, her masterpiece, inspired by ghost-stories of that period.

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-Nature as the countryside: the scenes described are always populated by nature not men
-Nature as a source of inspiration:poets used to describe nature like the relationship between man and nature
-Nature like life power: The pantheistic view of God inside the nature

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The lyrical ballad was the most important volume of verse that appeared in England for more than two centuries. It uses:
-Ordinary subject and ordinary language to create a poetry accesible to all
-the poet as "man speaking to men", so a man with more imagination that is able to communicate to other.

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He lived in the Lake District, in the North-West of England and drew inspirations from landscapes around him. He is considered the father of Romanticism in England

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There are many Gotic elements such as dreams, ghost, struggle, hate and love, moors, death. Other themes are property and marriage.

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It's a novel which revolves around two houses: Wuthering Heights and Thrushcroos Grange. This novel explores human passions at different levels such as hate and love.. The main protagonist is Heathcliff, who arrives at the house and he is forced to spend the night there because of a storm. During the night he had a dream about a girl Catherine. Thrushcroos Grange is the home of Linton and represents stabilityand kindness

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They spent most of their life in isolation in Yorkshire. They were educated at home thanks to their father.
Emily wrote Wuthering Heights.

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The novel fictionalizes the insecurity and humilations Dickens experienced when he was a boy. Oliver is a boy whitout parents who works in workhouse, but he falls into a gang of pickpockets. After a little time a middle-class family adopts him. The novel is set in London and depicts the different social levels: parrochial world, criminal world and Victorian middle-class.

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He was born in Portsmouth in Southern England. He became a famous reporter and reveals his satirical and humoristic qualities. He started the career as a novelist and during this period he wrote Oliver Twist.

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Is one of the most famous works of Byron, a comic epic made up of sixteen cantos in ottava rima. Don juan is a boy, who discovers love in the arms of Donna Julia. He has to leave Spain because of the scandal caused by his relationship. He is shipwrecked in Greek where he met Heydi . He is sent to Istanbul and after a lot of adventures found himself in England

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He  was born in London in 1788;  travelled around Europe and the levant. He wrote "Child Harold's Pilgrimage" in which he describes his adventures in the countries he visited. He went to Italy and died in Greece where he fought for the indipendence of Greece. He personyfied the romantic hero in Byronic hero, which embodied the ideals of freedom and hate against social hypocrisy.
Byronic hero is bold, melancholic. He loves solitude and is attracted by wild nature.

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Is a cultural moviment appeared in Europe in the first yearsof 1800.The romantic poet have a different vision of themes of nature and love compared to the Classical poets, infact they put on their novels the emotions and the sentiment of the men

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PROs and CONs:
I thinkAmerican movies and programmes are really valuable.
I think American fast food is less healthy than Italian cuisine.

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Italy has also influenced American food: pizza, mozzarella, roastbeef

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American fashion is loved by young people

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FASHION

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FOOD

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Italy should preserve its tradition from other influences

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America has influenced Italy  in music, movies and television

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America advance in:
-science
-technology
-democracy
-business

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Many countries are influenced by American culture

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Bob Dylan adresses to all new generation, but the message is above all for adults Who have  lost their innocence.

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Main themes of his songs:
-war
-peace
-civil rights
-death

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Bob Dylan - Forever Young (Slow Version) (Audio)

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May God's bless and keep you always
May your wishes all come true
May you always do for others
And let others do for you

May you build a ladder to the stars
And climb on every rung
May you stay
Forever young

Forever young
Forever young
May you stay
Forever young

May you grow up to be righteous
May you grow up to be true
May you always know the truth
And see the lights surrounding you

May you always be courageous
Stand upright and be strong
And may you stay
Forever young

Forever young
Forever young
May you stay
Forever young

May your hands always be busy
May your feet always be swift
May you have a strong foundation
When the winds of changes shift

May your heart always be joyful
May your song always be sung
And may you stay
Forever young

Forever young
Forever young
May you stay
Forever young

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His songs should be studied at school because they could help us in facing social problems.

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He refused to collect his prize because he doesn't like public cerimonies.

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He received the Noble Prize for 'having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition'.

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It is the day after Thanksgiving when you can get great deals on goods.
It was coined in the 1960s to mark the kickoff to the Christmas shopping season

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- America -> named after the explorer Amerigo Vespucci;
- Florida, from 'Land of Flowers', as conquistadores used to call it;
- Virginia, named  in honour of Queen Elizabeth I, the ' Virgin Queen'

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Natives were seen on the one hand as sub-humans (almost animals), on the other one, philosophers recognised their humanity, even if the exploitation of the indigenous prevailed.

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The colonization period most influenced English writers as Edmund Spencer, John Donne, Andrew Marvell's (with his Bermudas)

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Guide for the Pilgrims, translated during Renaissance, it influenced English literarature on images, vocsbulary, rhythms.

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Firstly celebrated by Pilgrims Fathers after their first harvest in New World, Thanksgiving is a major American holiday, characterised by a large family dinner, whose main course is roast turkey.

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English literature influenced by the discovery and exploration of the New World: America.

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Civil War-> great changes: House of Commons more powerful.

Mercantile classes closer to Puritanism:
-austerity fits with importance given to work;
-predestination: conquest godwill with success in business;
-individualism in commercial matters

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1603-1625: Death of Queen Elizabeth -> King James I (Scottish): absolute monarchy

1605: Gunpowder Plot: Catholics try to blow up Parliament

1620: Pilgrim Fathers (Puritans) foundation of the first English settlement in North America -> today U.S.A.

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History tragedy

Set in Rome

The main characters are Julius Caesar, Brutus, Antony, Cassius

The main themes are:       - Friendship                         - Difficult choice                 - Struggle for power            - Rethoric

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Tragedy

Set in Venice and Cyprus

The main characters are Othello, Iago, Desdemona, Cassio

The main themes are:       - Prejudice                           - Jealousy                             - Appearence and reality

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Lyrical tragedy

Set in Verona

The protaginsts are two rival families (Montague and Capulets) and their two children, Romeo and Juliets

The main themes are:      - Love                                    - Conflictual relationship between old and young
- Strife between families

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55-54 B.C. Julius Caesar's expedition

A.D. Hadrian's wall

A.D. Emperor Claudius

A.D. 410 End of Roman   Britain

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Shakespeare was born in 1564. By 1592 he started his career as an actor and playwright. We know he wrote thirty-eight plays divided in tragedies, history plays and comedies.
SHAKESPEARE'S LANGUAGE:

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Theatres had a great success under Elizabeth l

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LITERATURE

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Elizabeth I becomes Queen

Compromise between Protestantism and Catholicism

Conquest of the seas

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1547-53 First persecution of catholic under Edward III

1553-1558 Then persecution of protestant under Mary Tudor

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THE REFORMATION AND THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

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THE REFORMATION AND THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

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Accession of Henry VIII (1509-47)

1534 "Act of Supremacy"

Pope against Martin Luther

New protestant aristocracy arising

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York VS Lancaster

1485 Richard -Battle of Bosworth

1485 Henry VII (Henry Tudor)- Peace period

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1337 Edward III

1348 Black Death (Bubone plague)

1415 Henry V - Battle of Agincourt

1453 Lost continental possession

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1189-199 Richard the Lionheart

1199-1216John I (Lack land)

1215 "Magna Charta"

1264-65 House of Commons

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1154-1189 Henry

Constitution of Clarendon

1070 Murder of Thomas Becket

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ANGLO-SAXONS, VIKINGS AND NORMANS INVASION

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ANGLO-SAXONS, VIKINGS AND NORMANS INVASION

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449 Arrive in England

Foundation of small kingdoms

William I (the conqueror)

1016-35 Canute king of  England

1066 Battle of Hastings

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HISTORY LINES