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A state of excess, in which the obvious threat of danger, violence, or annihilation is presented to the reader or character.

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A subject only partly human and possibly in the process of becoming something monstrous. "Characterised by variability...continually in danger of becoming not-itself" (Kelly Hurley).

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Both physical and mental. Darkness, fogginess, confusion and things which are not understood.

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What is above nature, mystersious, inexplicable.

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"in between...ambiguous" (Julia Kristeva). Something that breaks down the barriers between subject & object, or self & other.

Dissolution of our bodies. The best
representation is the corpse. Usually, there is blood or other human fluids: saliva, excrement.

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Freud’s Unheimlich. The concept comes from the Pshychoanalysis

Something that we know very well, that is familiar, which experiences a change and becomes unfamiliar and scary.

It makes you feel afraid.

In a Gothic story there is always the presence of the uncanny.

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The past comes to the present. Characters can’t
forget the past. The past returns and returns and returns.
You can never escape your past.

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From the rational to the irrational. From the reality we can observe with our senses.

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It has to do with what science cannot explain.

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The character is confined or trapped,
such as being shackled to a floor or hidden away in some dark cell or cloister.
There is a sense of  no way out which contributes to the claustrophobic
psychology of the Gothic space.

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A sense of awe, astonishment, of being overwhelmed in the face of something much bigger than ourselves.
Power is the essence of the
sublime style.

"The Sublime instills in the mind of its beholder a sense of smallness or powerlessness—it renders the self both passive and receptive as the grandeur of sublimity floods and enhances the senses."
It is associated with monumental size: a mountain, a chasm of
infinite depth, a vast, empty plain, an ocean. If extent were not enough, obscurity can equally evoke sublime emotions.

Term coined by Edmund Burke (1729–1797)

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The idea of ‘otherness’ is central to sociological analyses of how majority and minority identities are constructed. This is because the representation of different groups within any given society is controlled by groups that have greater political power.

Simone de de Beauvoir argued that woman is set up as the Other of man.

Woman is the other of man, animal is the other of human, stranger is the other of native, abnormality the other of norm, deviation the other of law-abiding, illness the other of health, insanity the other of reason, lay public the other of the expert, foreigner the other of state subject, enemy the other of friend (Bauman 1991: 8).