# data[].attributes.body
The writing is very descriptive and easy to follow. The author gives us a lot of detail about the Nuer’s rituals surrounding cows and it seems to be from an outsider's perspective as he does not identify with them and he says things like ‘as an european’ and ‘their culture’. He states he is an outsider, and speaks about how they are obsessed with cows and when he tries to speak with them and integrate himself in a sense into their ways of speaking they always end up talking about cattle. He wants to bring attention to the Nuer but admits that it is a vast topic to deal with.

# data[].attributes.headline
Pickles (2019) Money games: gambling in a Papua New Guinea town (Vol. 10). Berghahn Books. Chapter 5: ‘The Big Shots at Old Slots’

# data[].attributes.subject
Pickles (2019) Money games: gambling in a Papua New Guinea town (Vol. 10). Berghahn Books. Chapter 5: ‘The Big Shots at Old Slots’

# data[].attributes.body
- Made clear where the ethnographer stands/what opinion he has compared to that of fact or stated by others?

-existing literature is blended into the flow of the writing

-he includes himself only when necessary to context

-Tom Liam described in 3rd person and is a big focus - as his informant?

-Under the protection and cover of his adopted father big-men - this kind of makes him an insider as well as an outsider

-participants described as individuals

-where does this opinion come from? Something that the ethnographer has gathered or something someone has told him?

# data[].attributes.body
In chapter 2 Kenneth focuses on one individual within the Gahuku people, “Makis”. Through analysing this individual, Kenneth has successfully shown how the Gahuku culture functions, and the meanings people give to things in this society. This ethnography is written through the use of  his personal first hand accounts of events experienced in the Gahuku community. Kenneth also describes his personal feelings as a researcher, and as an individual, whilst they unfold. This chapter gives a strong descriptive narrative of the people, the environment and the society as a whole. It explains the power dynamics, and relationships that exist within the social structure e.g. between men and women. It does this by concentrating on “Makis” and his relationships with his various wives in particular, and also by talking about the characteristics that make a good leader in Gahuku society and which align to traits that Makis possesses.

At the beginning of the paragraph Kenneth talks about his arrival into the village, e.g. by a jeep, and describes his initial encounters with the villagers. He describes that from the offset he was intrigued by one villager in particular, which was Makis. During this chapter, Kenneth is seen to be an insider in the community and he adopts this role willingly. At the start of the chapter, we see him joining on a three week patrol alongside Makis and another community member. A house is also built for him within the community. He quickly earned the name of “Goroha Gipo”, translated to younger brother, and an honorary position in Makis’s family. Kenneth even named one of Maki's daughters. He describes that towards the end of his experience, he felt feelings of anonymity, as he became more and more integrated into the community. This allowed him to observe more critically like a fly in the wall.

However, he was not always able to maintain an anonymous position. During the child birth of one of Makis wives, he was encouraged to interfere and to aid them with Western medicinal knowledge. This troubled him as a researcher but he felt obliged to help. He was then told that if the woman was to die, he would be estranged from the community. Luckily for him the women did not die, and it wasn’t till then that he felt fully integrated into the community. This act earned him respect and a place within the Gahuku society. Other times where Kenneth experienced problems as a researcher was when women would come to him upset, asking for his sympathy and support. However he was unsure of the right reaction, as he felt inappropriate to interfere in these situations.

Kenneth also experienced feelings of an outsider during his research. When he visited nearby villagers, he noted that some locals suggested a competition to see which white researcher could learn their language first. In addition, some villagers anticipated his rejection when they offered food to him. This shows some feelings of foreignness between the locals and the white researcher. As mentioned above Kenneth focused on Makis, and his daily experiences, to show the functioning of Gahuku society and the Gahuku culture. For example, Kenneth describes Makis’s treatment of his daughter Tobo, which is representative of society's desire to have male children e.g. in order to continue a male lineage. Makis treats Tobo as a surrogate son, and this is depicted in the clothes she wears and how she behaves. Kenneth also describes Makis' relationship with his wives, to show that in this society polygynous marriages are preferred but also to describe the problems experienced within these. On the other hand, Makis is described in an individual way, as Kenneth extensively describes his physical appearance, the clothes he wears and his behaviours e.g. “his face and figure possessed a quality of ancient beauty”. Makis was important for the researcher as he gave him a gateway into the Gahuku culture and society, and helped establish his place in society.

I think that the objective of Kenneth in this ethnography was to help readers understand the Gahuku culture, and he does this by focusing on one individual man within society e.g. Makis. He shows how society works e.g. he notes that “Gahuku are materialists… concerned… with the acquisition of wealth”, and also he recognises the different meanings that people give to things e.g. in the Gahuku culture, strength and equivalence are desiredI also believe that the research was beneficial for the local community, as Kenneth noted that Makis wants to bridge a barrier between the two cultures and to strengthen the relationship.

# data[].attributes.body
·      Reads writing seems almost like reading a story, it is honest and reflexive but does not focus on details, rather it takes us through his journey.

·      The author appears all-through-out the ethnography and it is made clear that this is his experience.

·      The author appears more like a bumbling foreigner, seemingly innocent but understanding where his peers are coming from.

·      Read begins very clearly as an outsider, but as he builds relationship with Makis he becomes more involved and accepted but aware of his alienness

·      The participants are described as individuals but I get the sense they are meant to be representative.

# data[].attributes.body
Read writes with alluring description, in lulling story-like fashion, pulling and pushing the reader as he so wishes between the settings, senses and social structures he experiences first-hand. The author appears right away placing himself as the outsider in a familiar us and them scenario. Read’s thoughts and opinions of the power organisations and social roles are distinguishably his own, he mentions when he has been told that things are ‘in-fact’. The relationships he has to the people he writes about are central to his storytelling and do well to vivify his interactions within the community. Read separates individuals in some instances when he knows them well and groups them when he does not, for example his theorising on the types of strong men. Although Makis may to exterior communities appear as the representative participant, Read does well to show that Makis is as much a participant, be it a frequent one, as any of the others.

# data[].attributes.body
- The feeling of the writing in the majority (it not all) of Chapter 2 is that Briggs' uses participant observation as his main research method. He notes of: long mundane conversations he overhears between Eskimo men, incidents and quarrels he overhears, Briggs notes of the significance of story telling in Eskimo culture, which he participates in by listening to these stories (both old traditional ones and new ones, he even notes of the story of a recent baby's birth). Briggs' even notes of minute details of this Eskimo community such as how children play or act within their home. All all this achieved through just simply watching and listening.
- The role of the author in this text is an observer, he doesn't tend to get involved with any of the conversations, he just simply notes what individuals in the Eskimo community say and do between each other and their cultural customs/traditions/gender roles/family life.
- 'Men and Women: The Warmth and Luxury of Male Dominance' --> Briggs' notes that both men and women told him that "Iglus are cold when the men are away". Women are subordinate to men in this community and they hold traditional values.
- Briggs' doesn't try to hide the fact he is an outsider, but he does move in and stay with various families within the Eskimo community during his 17 month stay in the community, so one would assume a personal relationship with individuals within the community would be inevitable. However, Briggs' further notes that some members of the village were hostile towards him and some didn't even speak to him at all, including those he stayed with. Furthermore, within Briggs' ethnographic writing he uses an extensive and vast amount of words from the Eskimo language which shows a deep immersion into the culture.
- Participants are described as individuals; including using their names.
- The objective of the author in writing this ethnography is to convey the life of a typical Eskimo community; both the mundane day-to-day things and also the deeper cultural values that they hold within their community.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bourgois, P. Chapter 3: Crackhouse management: addiction, discipline and dignity 

# data[].attributes.subject
Bourgois, P. Chapter 3: Crackhouse management: addiction, discipline and dignity 

# data[].attributes.body
The objective of Chapter 3 is to illustrate how similar selling crack is to any other (legal) business. He describes the key members of the crack business and their relationships to one another very clearly, whereas their customers/ addicts are collectively described as "walking human carcasses". He uses transcripts as accurate proof of his interpretations and this is also where the author appears most. Bourgois appears as an insider, for example, where he is choked by Felix as he describes what he did to another person. Similarly, he watched someone get hit over the head with a bat and he legged it, implying that maybe he is in too deep. The author is also influential when his participants were being sexist and racist towards a customer, Bourgois' silence led to Caesar changing his opinion and recognising it was wrong.

# data[].attributes.headline
Read, K.E., 1980. The high valley. Columbia University Press. (Chapter 2: ‘Makis’) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Read, K.E., 1980. The high valley. Columbia University Press. (Chapter 2: ‘Makis’) 

# data[].attributes.body
This text is an example of ‘I- Witness- ethnography. In its literary style it feels like a story. In this sense it is different to other ethnographies I have read, that seem far more obviously reflective and interpretative. To read it very much felt like I was reading an account of Reads experience of the culture and in this sense, I felt the ethnography lacked an emic perspective. Instead, it very much felt like I was seeing a story unfold through Reads eyes, with his participants featuring as secondary characters to his plot.

# data[].attributes.body
The ethnography is about the author's experience in the Eskimo village and what he got up to each day. The author seemed like a foreigner in the narrative, because he seemed surprised at many aspects of their way of life. The members of the village were not always that sociable, and he mentions there were some members of the family he was staying with that hardly spoke to him. Other members only had a proper conversation with him at certain times of the day, so it feels as though he was an outsider and not really a part of the family. He talks about each participant individually, including their names which makes his connection with them seem more personal. I wouldn’t say the objective of the author is clear other than to get a better understanding of the Eskimo’s way of life. He mentioned a few times the conversations he had with the locals about if they lived the way they’re stereotyped to live. So maybe he aimed to understand how accurate stereotypes of their culture are? It’s difficult to tell from only 1 chapter.

# data[].attributes.body
Somewhat oblivious, lacking in ‘street smarts’

Admits later that his obliviousness (especially to how he is seen sometimes) may have actually been a good thing as then he did not worry about approaching certain people and topics

Privileged, both possibly outside of the ethnography but also within it (feeling a bit superior due to closeness with the main boss)

Eager to please and wanting to please/fit in

Appear as transitioning from outsider to insider as trust for them is gained

Participants are individuals with their own personalities

Makes sure to highlight aspects of the participants that show that they are good people in some ways, but doesnt try to hide their faults

The authors aim is to show what poverty and marginalization does to communities, by humanising the participants the author makes them more appealing/sympathetic to those who will be (mostly likely white middle class) reading it

# data[].attributes.headline
Pickles, A.J., 2019. Money games: gambling in a Papua New Guinea town (Vol. 10). Berghahn Books. (Chapter 5: ‘The Big Shots at Old Slots’)

# data[].attributes.subject
Pickles, A.J., 2019. Money games: gambling in a Papua New Guinea town (Vol. 10). Berghahn Books. (Chapter 5: ‘The Big Shots at Old Slots’)

# data[].attributes.body
The writing has a similar ‘feel’ to other ethnographies I have read; in that it provides ample context and description of the surroundings and surrounding behaviours while not feeling like storytelling. ‘Machines set up situations that played into the hands of big-men because they absorbed their attention and allowed them to act nonchalantly towards money’; this sentence provides enough literary description for readers to understand the particulars of what is going on (see ‘absorbed’ attention and acting ‘nonchalantly’) without straying from what could be reasonably observed - you could feasibly distinguish someone acting ‘nonchalantly’ or someone being ‘absorbed’ through observational analysis without the need to take creative liberties.

The author appears periodically to provide context to descriptions in relation to the research specifically. First, they appear to introduce their relation to the field site; namely as the adopted son to my adopted father, local ‘big-shot’ and ‘prominent leader’ Tom Liam, who I know as Daddy Tom’. Then, in an introduction to the chapter, the author explicitly asserts themselves as the author: ‘In this chapter I move away from efficacy testing…’, ‘During the course of this chapter, I compare…’. I have highlighted not just the first-person reference ‘I’ – which not only places any upcoming claims as property of the author, but also places the author as responsible for any shortcomings/contentions readers might have – but also the actions the author asserts they will take during the chapter, which gives the author a sense of authority going forward. Later, the author also provides a personal account of ‘Pokies Night’ in the first-person, taking up the roles of both narrator of and character in the story.

Much of the chapter portrays the author as a researcher (see first question), and even personal accounts like the ‘Pokies Night’ are told partially from the viewpoint of Tom Liam. In this sense, the author becomes an outsider. However, the author’s relation to the other participants in the chapter (including Tom Liam) makes it difficult not to acknowledge the author as an insider – or as having some of the authority of an insider, at least.

While (some) participants are referenced/addressed as individuals, with individual characters, they are described as representative of broader theories of culture. Accounts of participant behaviour and informants information are posed as examples of applied theory (pre-existing theory or new ideas presented by the author).

The objective of the author in this chapter, specifically, is made clear by their stating of their objectives in the introduction (see second question). More broadly, the author’s objectives appear to be to consolidate past research with the author’s own observations and to attempt to provide an explanation for them. This ethnography is very much not and autoethnography/biography, but an active attempt by the author to contribute to a discourse.

# data[].attributes.body
In reading Evans-Pritchard's passage, I felt that the writing style was straightforward; successfully managing to move between first and limited third person. This meant that as a reader I was able to follow the events and understand the cultural importance of cows to the Nuer, as well as the representation of them as children - replicating human like tendencies of a mother to a child, in this case a father to a 'son'. Evans-Pritchard speaks with omniscience to represent the people as part of a culture, not individuals, creating a well-integrated and broad understanding of how valuable cows are to the Nuer.

# data[].attributes.headline
Pickles, A.J., 2019. Money games: gambling in a Papua New Guinea town (Vol. 10). Berghahn Books. (Chapter 5: ‘The Big Shots at Old Slots’)

# data[].attributes.subject
Pickles, A.J., 2019. Money games: gambling in a Papua New Guinea town (Vol. 10). Berghahn Books. (Chapter 5: ‘The Big Shots at Old Slots’)

# data[].attributes.body
Pickles uses a very descriptive type of writing which sets the scene especially in the opening of this chapter. Initially, it begins with background focused paragraphs which help bring in some context.

Additionally, Pickles builds a relationship with adopted father Tom Liam, which allowed his research to be more descriptive and specific upon details. Pickles was immersive in his participant observation and ultimately felt safe in a group of 6 at the Bird of Paradise Pokies Lounge. Pickles seemed very engaged and included in the daily lives and therefore had a more inside approach.

Furthermore, his research describes his participants as individuals as he built a foundation with them and got to know them all on an individual level.

# data[].attributes.headline
Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 1951. The Nuer. London. (Chapter 1: ‘Interest in Cattle’) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 1951. The Nuer. London. (Chapter 1: ‘Interest in Cattle’) 

# data[].attributes.body
The writing is a clear description of the Neur’s relation to the cattle. It feels quite impersonal. The author puts himself as an omniscient narrator who doesn’t mention himself too much but acknowledges his outsider status and reflects on how it may seem like a cattle obsession to him but really they are economically and socially very important. Describes the people as representatives of their culture not individuals. Purpose is to understand why the cattle are so valuable to the Neur.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bourgois, P., 2003. In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio (Vol. 10). Cambridge University Press. (any chapter). This one is an ethnographic modern classic

# data[].attributes.subject
Bourgois, P., 2003. In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio (Vol. 10). Cambridge University Press. (any chapter). This one is an ethnographic modern classic

# data[].attributes.body
Bourgois uses a personal relaxed style of writing and directly addresses his experiences “I wince at my lack of streets smarts”. He directly reflects on his behaviour and how he had a lack of experience. However, it is apparent that he has experience in this setting and amongst these individuals through the ability to describe them personally. Bourgious does admit to his own feelings of being an outside both socially and culturally and how this became apparent through his actions and interactions. The participants in this work are described individually as the author got to know them and grew personal connections yet he also describes individuals as collectives “anxious addicts”.

The objective of the author is to increase insight and knowledge into the drugs trade while allowing for the reader to see the intimate side of daily life and those involved.