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Nationalism Begins to Arise in Italy, And Spreads Throughout Europe

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Nationalism Begins to Arise in Italy, And Spreads Throughout Europe

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The Creation and Surge of Neoliberalism in the 1970s/1980s

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The Creation and Surge of Neoliberalism in the 1970s/1980s

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A Cultural Shift in the Perception of Time 

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A Cultural Shift in the Perception of Time 

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Slavery, Indentured Labour and Exploitation

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Slavery, Indentured Labour and Exploitation

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As economies see rapid growth, the need for cheap manual labour becomes increasingly more urgent. Liberalism's pursuit of freedom was exclusively fought for the White man (and a particular one at that), and alas, BIPOC populations are enslaved internationally in Western civilisations to resolve the issue (Mills, 2008).  Pacific Islanders were enslaved in Australia, exceeding abolition in America and Britain, but comes to an end via the White Australia Act in 1901.(Higginbotham, 2017). Though protections for the labourers were legislated eventually, known as indentured labour, the system was questionable at best, and colonially violent and exploitative at worst.

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Interconnected, Transcontinental Train Systems and Economic Expansion 

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Interconnected, Transcontinental Train Systems and Economic Expansion 

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By 1860, railroad systems were operating in Britain, Europe and North America to transport goods nationally and transcontinentally. Mass railroad construction created new jobs, cheaper transportation resulted in cheaper goods, and created more expansive markets (McGraw-Hill, 2005). Business owners then could utilise their profits to invest in more equipment, factories and technology resulting in economic surplus. Uniform time (timezones) were in discussion, and seen as an effective method to clearly define nation states, particularly endorsed by Germany, France and Britain, but may not have proved an efficient practice until the early 20th century. (Ogle, 2015).

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Nation States as we know them today crystallised over a vast period of time, but saw rapid solidification in the 19th Century,  which, in part, was evoked by the French and American Revolutions (Wimmer and Feinstein, 2010). In the Early 19th Century, Nationalism and Liberalism found an allegiance, Liberals believing in autonomy to rule themselves, and Nationalists believing in the power and independence of being loyal to  state (McGraw-Hill, 2005) thus beginning their historically complex relationship.  In the mid to late 19th Century, as regions globalised and grew more interconnected,  insecurity grew amongst leaders and populations sought a communal identity to assert independence (Hobsbawm, 2013). The Nation State proved the solution to both qualms.

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Liberalism, the predominant ideology in which Western governments adhere to, and of which our global economic system is founded on, can find its genesis as early as the 16th century from Hobbes in Leviathan (Wetherly, 2017).  The pursuit of liberty, freedom and private ownership of property, seen as the natural rights of man, lead to  (though is not limited to) the overthrow of Feudalism in Europe in the late 18th century, and the French Revolution. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) (Wetherly, 2017) was instated, and was seen as a historic triumph for Liberalism. Subsequently, Capitalism emerges.