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Culture Wars: An Emphasis on Traditionalism

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https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/20/women-pressandpublishing

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fhow-was-prohibition-enforced&psig=AOvVaw2NDgLhM9P_ywAQwZHHc1fj&ust=1585442076417000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCOiW-5P2u-gCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

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After the Volstead Act was passed Prohibition was initially enforced by the Prohibition Unit under the IRS. Even the Coast Guard helped out by making sure no illegal alcohol came in from outside the US. Eventually the Prohibition Unit became the Bureau of Prohibition under the Department of Justice.

This is relevant and important to the time period because at that time it was very popular to break the law and drink alcohol illegally. It need at very big force to keep an entire country from doing one thing. They tried their best but there ended up being a lot of corruption and even more crime caused by alcohol than before.

Primary source: “After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”- US Constitution

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Religious Fundamentalism Part 1: Katie White

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Religious Fundamentalism Part 1: Katie White

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- “The Fundamentalist Movement was a religious movement established by American Protestants as a reaction to theological modernism, which aimed to revise traditional Christian religious beliefs to accommodate new theories and developments in science.” (American-Historamia).

- It emerged after WW1 it rejected the beliefs of modernism which were the values of convince and leisure instead of the traditional belief of hard work and self denial.

- The new movement brought a new type of Christians called fundamentalists.

- They believed that the Bible should be taken literally and to reject ideas like the theory of evolution.

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Religious Fundamentalism Part 2: Mary Schmidt

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Religious Fundamentalism Part 2: Mary Schmidt

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- Fundamentalism in the 1920s refers to the Protestant movement grounded in a literal, or nonsymbolic, interpretation of the Bible.

- Similar to Catholics, Fundamentalists believed that each story in the Bible was inspired by God, but, in comparison to Catholics, Protestants also believed that every story and all its details were true.

-  These beliefs as well as their literal interpretation of the Bible led Fundamentalists to reject certain theories and ideas, including the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin. They backed their beliefs with references to stories in the Bible that were taken literally.

- The Expression of Fundamentalism in the 1920s:
1) South and West: Preachers led religious revivals based on the authority of the Scriptures
2) Los Angeles: People used Hollywood showmanship to preach the word to migrants who were homesick as well as those who tuned in to radio broadcasts.

- Religious Fundamentalism was historically significant during this time because it was a major divide within the religions, specifically their interpretation of the Bible. It also marked a time of major clash between science and religion as the Fundamentalists went against key ideas and theories of science. Finally, it exemplified the growing division between traditional and modern ideas of the 1920s.

Primary Source:

“The Fundamentalists see, and they see truly, that in this last generation there have been strange new movements in Christian thought. A great mass of new knowledge has come into man’s possession—new knowledge about the physical universe, its origin, its forces, its laws...”

Source: Harry Emerson Fosdick, “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?” Christian Work 102 (June 10, 1922): 716–722.

- Fosdick describes in this passage how the Fundamentalists see new movements, like the Theory of Evolution mentioned above, to be strange or unbelievable. He emphasizes that their view on these ideas is true and confident as they believe in everything from the Bible as literal and real.

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https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/1920s-u-s-religious-fundamentalism-the-scopes-trial-12188616

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http://2yamaha.com/music/Fundamentalism+during+1920s.html

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- “We have now learned that animal forms may be arranged so as to begin with the simple one-celled forms and culminate with a group which includes man himself.” - John Scopes, (The Americans, 1265)

- The 1920’s were a time of incredible change and with that change came religious fundamentalism. A nationwide movement promoting biblical ideas and clashing with science, evolution specifically. It was a time of much controversy and skepticism.

- Tennessee’s legislature was first to pass a law making the teaching of evolution illegal. The Americans a Civil Liberties Union immediately announces their backing of any teacher who challenged the law, which they followed through with when young biology teacher, John Scopes, disobeyed the law and was imprisoned. With the best lawyer of the time, Clarence Darrow, at his side, John began his defense fighting not for himself but the role of evolution in teaching as well as Americans society. This trial became a sensation overnight and was one of the largest issues of the 1920s. Scopes went on to lose he case and was fined, but he made quite a stir and is still remembered in history today.

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How and why did women’s roles in the homes become glorified in this era? Hannah 

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How and why did women’s roles in the homes become glorified in this era? Hannah 

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In the 1920s, women were beginning to branch out of the house. Because of this, women who stayed home were starting to be acknowledged more.

Women created a more homey environment, and this gave men a place to relax during tough times, so this made men finally appreciate— and sometimes glorify— something they were used to getting.

While times were changing, women at home provided stability, which comforted men during turbulent circumstances.

The more “traditional” woman was going out of style, so men were grasping for a woman of an older time, which led to glorification.

In media, women were mostly presented as submissive to men in their roles.