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INTRODUCTION: The African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus), also called the painted wolf, is the largest canid native to the African continent. It is currently classified as endangered (IUCN 2016) and has disappeared from the majority of its original range. 

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INTRODUCTION: The African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus), also called the painted wolf, is the largest canid native to the African continent. It is currently classified as endangered (IUCN 2016) and has disappeared from the majority of its original range. 

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This is the current range versus the historical range of the African wild dog (Dominik Behr, University of Zurich, 2017).

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POPULATION: The global population estimate is 1,409 adults and the population is decreasing (IUCN Redlist 2012). 

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POPULATION: The global population estimate is 1,409 adults and the population is decreasing (IUCN Redlist 2012). 

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DIET: African wild dogs are considered "hypercarnivores" which means that greater than 70% of their diet consists of meat.  They prefer to prey on five species: the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii), impala (Aepyceros melampus), Cape bushbuck  (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) and blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). They have also been known to eat reedbuck, kob, lechwe, springbok, warthog, oribi, Grant’s gazelle, ostrich, African buffalo calves, dik-dik, hares, cane rats and insects.  They may also stalk zebra, elephant and giraffe, but do not generally consume them. They hunt diurnally and chase their prey until exhaustion.

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DIET: African wild dogs are considered "hypercarnivores" which means that greater than 70% of their diet consists of meat.  They prefer to prey on five species: the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii), impala (Aepyceros melampus), Cape bushbuck  (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) and blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). They have also been known to eat reedbuck, kob, lechwe, springbok, warthog, oribi, Grant’s gazelle, ostrich, African buffalo calves, dik-dik, hares, cane rats and insects.  They may also stalk zebra, elephant and giraffe, but do not generally consume them. They hunt diurnally and chase their prey until exhaustion.

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE: African wild dogs live and hunt in packs. Females rather than males disperse from the natal pack once they reach sexual maturity. 

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE: African wild dogs live and hunt in packs. Females rather than males disperse from the natal pack once they reach sexual maturity. 

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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: Limited evidence suggests that the presence of wildlife can enhance livestock management via enhanced forage quality and reduction of tick-borne diseases (Allan et al 2017). However, after the preparation of this paper, drought and political upheaval occured and the authors stress that "cooperation and security" is necessary for long-term livestock-wildlife integration.

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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: Limited evidence suggests that the presence of wildlife can enhance livestock management via enhanced forage quality and reduction of tick-borne diseases (Allan et al 2017). However, after the preparation of this paper, drought and political upheaval occured and the authors stress that "cooperation and security" is necessary for long-term livestock-wildlife integration.

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a) Typical cattle ranch b) Private wildlife conservancy and c) Integrated ranch-conservancy, illustrating different options for management (Allan et al 2017).

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LOCAL PERCEPTION: Wild dogs are socially perceived by locals as "problem animals" (Fraser-Celin et al 2018). 

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LOCAL PERCEPTION: Wild dogs are socially perceived by locals as "problem animals" (Fraser-Celin et al 2018). 

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MEDIA PERCEPTION: African wild dogs are charismatic to some but do not receive as much attention as felids like lion and cheetah. They are often depicted as "bloodthirsty," "savage" or malicious, perhaps similar to the hyena, and photos of them smeared with blood or eating animal parts are often published (DailyMail, National Geographic, 2020).  They may be viewed more favorably in the West/dog-loving cultures as they are canids, especially when pups.

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MEDIA PERCEPTION: African wild dogs are charismatic to some but do not receive as much attention as felids like lion and cheetah. They are often depicted as "bloodthirsty," "savage" or malicious, perhaps similar to the hyena, and photos of them smeared with blood or eating animal parts are often published (DailyMail, National Geographic, 2020).  They may be viewed more favorably in the West/dog-loving cultures as they are canids, especially when pups.

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DISEASES: A new or interesting find about the African wild dog is the incidence of rabies  and canine distemper virus (Canine morbillivirus) which is transmitted by domestic dogs. Can be fatal. However, both can be prevented with vaccinations.  In African wild dogs, distemper can cause lung lesions, pneumonia and encephalitis. Stress can also affect mortality (Jackson et al 2019).

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DISEASES: A new or interesting find about the African wild dog is the incidence of rabies  and canine distemper virus (Canine morbillivirus) which is transmitted by domestic dogs. Can be fatal. However, both can be prevented with vaccinations.  In African wild dogs, distemper can cause lung lesions, pneumonia and encephalitis. Stress can also affect mortality (Jackson et al 2019).

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Timeline of dog mortality and survival (Jackson et al 2019).

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HOT TOPIC: Wild dogs are blamed for livestock depredation. This could be considered a controversy or hot topic. Livestock depredation though wild dogs only accounted for 2% of reported predator attacks (Gusset et al 2009). Wild dogs primarily consume wild prey.

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HOT TOPIC: Wild dogs are blamed for livestock depredation. This could be considered a controversy or hot topic. Livestock depredation though wild dogs only accounted for 2% of reported predator attacks (Gusset et al 2009). Wild dogs primarily consume wild prey.

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Researchers create a robotic Spy Pup to film African wild dogs (PBS 2017).

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African wild dog subspecies (Castelló 2018).

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CULTURAL PERCEPTION: African wild dogs are not commonly featured in mythology or religion but have been depicted or referenced by pre-dynastic Egyptians and indigenous bushmen.

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CULTURAL PERCEPTION: African wild dogs are not commonly featured in mythology or religion but have been depicted or referenced by pre-dynastic Egyptians and indigenous bushmen.

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ECONOMIC VALUE: African wild dogs have economic value for ecotourism. Ecotourism revenue has value if predation costs are low (Lindsey et al 2005).  

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ECONOMIC VALUE: African wild dogs have economic value for ecotourism. Ecotourism revenue has value if predation costs are low (Lindsey et al 2005).  

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Safari lodge in South Africa

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PREDATORS: African wild dogs are at risk of kleptoparasitism and occasionally attack and death by lions and hyenas (Valdes 2018, Jackson et al 2019).  They are poisoned, killed and trapped by humans. 

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PREDATORS: African wild dogs are at risk of kleptoparasitism and occasionally attack and death by lions and hyenas (Valdes 2018, Jackson et al 2019).  They are poisoned, killed and trapped by humans. 

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Attack by lion

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Allan et al 2017.[https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1501]
Cozzi et al 2020.
[http://www.popecol.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Cozzi_et_al-2020-The_Journal_of_Wildlife_Management.pdf]

Fraser-Celin et al 2018. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2018.1443528]

Jackson et al 2019. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4798]

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More potential benefits of livestock-wildlife integration (Allan et al 2017).

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There is a need for protection outside of preserves and parks. The wild dogs are highly mobile and range beyond park and international borders.

Increased collaboration between researchers (national & international), governmental authorities and private operators is needed.

Internationally coordinated intensive fieldwork is required to determine survival rate,
mortality causes, reproductive success, and regional
population density.
(Cozzi et al 2020)

Megan Claase working in the field in Botswana (Photo by Lucy Ransome).

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Scroll for pups! 🐾

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The winter months of June, July, and August mark the coldest period of the year in Northern Botswana. It is this cool period that African wild dogs choose for whelping, as pup rearing is energetically costly for a pack. Typically, the dominant female looks for a suitable den site, such as an abandoned aardvark hole, where she will give birth. As the mother is obliged to stay at the den to nurse and protect the pups, so the survival of both the mother and pups is fully dependent on the other pack members during this critical period. The rest of the pack all leaves the den site once or twice per day to go hunt, and upon returning, they regurgitate part of their freshly caught meal to feed both mother and pups.

During the denning period, the normal ranging radius of a pack is drastically reduced. Consequently, denning season is the optimal time of the year to locate the study area packs and for pack monitoring. This July we tried our luck to locate the den site of the missing 'Mula' pack. This pack was formed in February 2016 by the joining of a male dispersing group with a female group, each of which we had monitored with satellite collars as part of our ongoing research project on African wild dog dispersal. However, these satellite collars both had dropped off by now. As we are also interested in the settlement and reproductive success of recently formed packs, it was critical to catch up with this pack again.

Having no working radio telemetry collars on the pack we were left with no other option than to track down the pack on the ground the old-fashioned way. We already knew that the new Mula pack's home range extended from Xakanaxa all the way east along the Khwai river to North Gate of Moremi Game Reserve. This meant they could theoretically have been denning anywhere within about 400 km ² and along a stretch of about 50 km. We decided to start our search mission in Xakanaxa where frequent sightings of 12 wild dogs had been reported on the sightings board at Moremi South Gate. The last time we saw 'Mula' pack, at the end of 2016, they were ten adults plus two pups. Therefore, these reports sounded promising.

With enough supplies to spend a couple of days away from our research camp, Ed, a Research Technician at Botswana Predator Conservation Trust (BPCT), and I set out for the 50 km drive to Xakanaxa. Upon arrival, we bumped into some safari guides who told us that they had regularly seen a pack of 10 wild dogs and one male was wearing one of our radio collars. Luckily, one of the guides had just seen the pack earlier that morning. Using this information, we started looking for fresh tracks on the main road and soon found some. The prints were following the road for roughly 3km but eventually they left the road and we lost their tracks. We decided to park our LandRover close to a crossroad to see if the pack would use the same road on their way out of the presumed den site for the evening hunt.

Being impatient, we left our lookout before sunset and looped around to the North the nearby Paradise Pools to search there. With no success, we drove back to the crossroad to find out that the pack had just come by, as indicated by the many fresh tracks on the road. We rushed following the tracks and caught up with the pack shortly after. They were spaced apart and due to the progressing darkness, we were not able to count more than eight individuals. As we were taking photos of them for identification, one of the dogs who was lagging behind suddenly turned back and sprinted down the road toward where they just came from. We followed him as we guessed he might have changed his mind and decided to return to the den. He ran down the road at full speed, coming by our stake out place at the crossroad and then continued heading further south. Then suddenly, he turned east into the thick mopane bushes. It was too dark for us to try to follow him through the thick vegetation, we took a GPS fix of where he turned off and went off to find a suitable spot to spend the night. Later that evening we confirmed by examining our photos, that these were indeed the remaining members of 'Mula' pack.

Early the next morning, we positioned the vehicle again at the crossroad in hopes that the pack would come by again. Unfortunately, no dogs appeared and we had to conclude they must have chosen a different route. Just as we were about to leave, another game drive vehicle pulled up and told us they had just seen the dogs back on the airstrip again heading east - which meant towards where we saw them last night. In anticipation that the dogs would continue running in a straight line, we drove south on the main road and parked close to where the extension of the airstrip would intersect the road. Luckily, we were at the right spot as a group of six of them came out of the thicket and crossed the road. We immediately followed them into the bush. Despite many obstacles, we managed to stick with the dogs for roughly 300m. But then, suddenly, we lost them in a relatively open area. We got out of the car and started looking for fresh tracks. There were quite a few prints on a small game trail. By following them, we ended up in a sandy rift with spaced out apple-leaf trees. Unfortunately, the sand was very deep which made it hard to surely identify any of the many tracks as being from wild dogs.

For the next three days, we continued our search but never managed to close in further to the potential den site. We usually lost track of the dogs in deep sand. As we were running low on supplies, we eventually decided to head back to our research camp. But this didn't mean that we were giving up. Too close were we in finding the den site to call our mission a failure.

A few days later we drove back to Xakanaxa early in the morning accompanied by 'Tico' McNutt, founder and director of BPCT, who has decades of experience in tracking wild dogs. He seemed quite confident in finding their den based on our preliminary efforts in narrowing down the search area. As we approached Xakanaxa, we drove to the spot where Ed and I lost sight of 'Mula' pack previously. Tico got out of the car with Ed and me following. He first circled around the spot in a wide loop in search of any fresh tracks. Once we closed the loop he headed for the direction where he must have seen the most promising tracks. Shortly after, he showed us fresh dog tracks and pointed towards the direction they were leading. After about 1.5 km we approached an open sand ridge. Tico told us to stick close together as he was confident of the den being nearby. We followed the fresh tracks in deep sand, and as we were approaching a few apple-leaf trees we suddenly heard the alarm bark of a wild dog. This was undoubtedly the den site we had been looking for. We crouched down but weren't able to get a visual of the dog as the trees were quite dense. We decided to take a GPS fix and return with the vehicle.

Impressed by the way Tico tracked down the den in no time, we started heading back. After a few steps, he stopped and showed us animal tracks in deep sand. What seemed like it could have been any track to Ed and me, was definitely the spoor of a wild dog according to Tico. He pointed out that he could detect wild dogs in deep sand based on their gait. Two feet are always placed close together with a bigger gap between the next set of pads whereas the step lengths of hyena prints are generally more regularly spaced. This was an important lesson for us and definitely made the difference as Ed and I were constantly losing the dogs in soft substrate during our previous search efforts.

On our drive to the newly-discovered den site we were not able to see more than half a dozen of the adult dogs nor to get a visual of any pups. But when Ed and I drove back to the den a few days later, we managed to identify all ten adults, the two yearlings, and watch twelve new-born pups play youthfully outside the den. It was well worth the effort: No dogs had died since our last detailed encounter with the pack seven months ago and a promising number of pups was about to grow up.

Watch the 'Mula' pups as they emerge from the den:
Find out more about this project by visiting our research page:
African wild dog dispersal and demography

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The winter months of June, July, and August mark the coldest period of the year in Northern Botswana. It is this cool period that African wild dogs choose for whelping, as pup rearing is energetically costly for a pack. Typically, the dominant female looks for a suitable den site, such as an abandoned aardvark hole,...

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Captive born pups 🍼

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Photos: Living Desert's 11 African Wild Dog pups are healthy and thriving

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The Living Desert's 11 African Wild Dog puppies receive well-baby exams.