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https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/batteries/MSE/classification.html

https://www.watelectronics.com/different-types-of-capacitors-applications/

https://www.etechnog.com/2019/05/difference-battery-capacitor.html?m=1

https://byjus.com/physics/uses-of-battery/
https://www.techwalla.com/articles/uses-capacitors

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For capacitors:

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•Batteries are used inside the House
Disposable batteries power things like remote controls, torch lights etc.

•It is used in Health Instruments
Artificial limbs, hearing aids, insulin pumps,valve assistance devices uses batteries.

•Uses of Batteries in Medical
ECG heart monitor are hooked up with battery so that it can be moved with the patient and is always ON for showing the patient’s vitals.

•These are used in Logistics and Construction

Heavy duty batteries are used to power devices such as forklift because exhaust fumes and carbon monoxide while combustion might prove dangerous in confined work areas.

•These are used in Firefighting and Emergency Response

Batteries are used in radios which is very important for emergency response. These radios use large batteries in order to hold large charge.

•Batteries use in Military Operations
Batteries power the radios which are used to communicate. Even the night vision, infrared goggles are powered by batteries.

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Applications and uses of batteries are given below:

House

Health Instruments

Medical

Logistics and construction

Firefighting and Emergency

Military

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For both battery and capacitor:

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1. The main similarity between Battery and Capacitor is, the battery can store electrical energy and the capacitor also can store electrical energy.

2. Another important similarity between the capacitor and battery is, both of them have a series resistance.

3. Both of them can create a potential difference across the other electrical components such as a resistor.

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Between Batteries and Capacitors:

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-The ceramic capacitors are the capacitors and use the ceramic material as a dielectric.

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-The plastic foil capacitor is non-polarized by nature and the electrolytic capacitors are generally two capacitors in the series, which are in the back to back hence the result is in the non-polarized with half capacitance.

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-The metalized polyester film capacitor is used in the applications are it requires long stability at a relatively low.

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-The capacitance range of the paper capacitor is from 0.001 to 2.000micro farad and the voltage is very high which is up to 2000V.

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-The mica capacitors are the low loss capacitors, used at high frequencies and this capacitor is very stable chemically, electrically, and mechanically, because of its specific crystalline structure binding & it is a typically layered structure.

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-The uses of electrolytic capacitors are generally in the DC power supply circuit because they are large in capacitance and small in reducing the ripple voltage.

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1. Electrolytic Capacitor

2. Mica Capacitor

3. Paper Capacitor

4. Film Capacitor

5. Non-Polarized Capacitor

6. Ceramic Capacitor

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Where,

Q is the electric charge in coulombs

C is the capacitance in farad

V is the voltage between the plates in volts

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The capacitance is the ratio of electric charge (Q) to the voltage (V) and the mathematical expansion is following.

C = Q/V

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-capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field. In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric. The capacitance is directly proportional to the surface areas of the plates, and is inversely proportional to the separation between the plates. Capacitance also depends on the dielectric constant of the substance separating the plates.

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-fuel cell represents the fourth category of batteries. Fuel cells are similar to batteries except for the fact that that all active materials are not an integral part of the device (as in a battery). In fuel cells, active materials are fed into batteries from an outside source.

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-third battery category is commonly referred to as the reserve cell. What differentiates the reserve cell from primary and secondary cells in the fact that a key component of the cell is separated from the remaining components, until just prior to activation. The component most often isolated is the electrolyte. This battery structure is commonly observed in thermal batteries, whereby the electrolyte remains inactive in a solid state until the melting point of the electrolyte is reached, allowing for ionic conduction, thus activating the battery.

Reserve cells are typically classified into the following 4 categories.

Water activated batteries.

Electrolyte activated batteries.

Gas activated batteries.

Heat activated batteries.

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Secondary batteries fall into two sub-categories depending on their intended applications.

Cells that are utilized as energy storage devices, delivering energy on demand. Such cells are typically connected to primary power sources so as to be fully charged on demand. Examples of these type of secondary cells include emergency no-fail and standby power sources, aircraft systems and stationary energy storage systems for load-leveling.

Cells that are essentially utilized as primary cells, but are recharged after use rather than being discarded. Examples of these types of secondary cells primarily include portable consumer electronics and electric vehicles.

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-secondary cell or battery is one that can be electrically recharged after use to their original pre-discharge condition, by passing current through the circuit in the opposite direction to the current during discharge.

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-primary cell or battery is one that cannot easily be recharged after one use, and are discarded following discharge. Most primary cells utilize electrolytes that are contained within absorbent material or a separator (i.e. no free or liquid electrolyte), and are thus termed dry cells.

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1. PRIMARY CELL
2. SECONDARY CELL
3. RESERVE CELL
4. FUEL CELL

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Batteries generally can be classified into different categories and types ranging from chemical compositions, types, size, form factor, and use cases. But under all of these are four major battery types:

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How do Batteries Work?

When in operation the electrochemical cell essentially discharges its chemical energy in favor of electric energy. If the cell is connected via an external circuit from the cathode to the anode, electrons flow from the oxidized anode and are received by the cathode, which is subsequently reduced. The electric circuit is completed by cations and anions, within the electrolyte, which flow to the cathode and anode, respectively.

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A battery can change chemical energy to electricity by putting certain chemicals in contact with each other in a specific way. Electrons, which are small parts of an atoms, will travel from one kind of chemical to another under the right circumstances. When electrons flow, this makes an electrical current that can power something. What a battery does is put the right chemicals in the right relationships, and then puts a wall between them. Only when the two sides of a battery are connected by a wire or another conductor can the electrons flow.

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STEM 12-B

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• A battery is an electrochemical cell (or enclosed and protected material) that can be charged electrically to provide a static potential for power or released electrical charge when needed.

-A battery generally consists of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte.