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Uplift of the region started about 75 million years ago in the Laramide orogeny mountain-building period that is mostly responsible for creating the Rocky Mountains. The Colorado Plateau was uplifted an estimated 2 miles and the Basin and Range area to the west started to form about 18 million years ago as the result of the earth's crust stretching. A drainage system that flowed through what is today the eastern Grand Canyon emptied into the now lower Basin and Range province. Ice ages during the Pleistocene era made for a cooler and wetter climate in the region starting about 2 - 3 million years ago. The greater precipitation increased runoff and the erosion ability of streams,especially in the spring runoff from the rockies.With this increased flow the Colorado River cut faster than before and started to excavate the Grand Canyon, almost reaching the modern depth by 1.2 million years ago.

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The Lava River Cave was created by lava flowing downhill from a volcanic vent. This formed a roof over the river, enclosing it in a lava tunnel or tube. When the eruption from the vent stopped, the lavadrained out of the tube leaving a lava tube cave behind. After the cave cooled, a section of its roof collapsed.

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Slot canyons are formed by the wear of water rushing through rock. They are dangerous because of flash floods.

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For millions of years, sediments were deposited in the low lands. These sediments formed layers of sandstone, shale and mudstone. A short time ago in geological time, perhaps ten million years, the slow uplift of the Colorado Plateau began.